FD - Dissertações de Mestrado
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- Da (In)Adequação do AI Act ao Setor FinanceiroPublication . Rosa, Carolina Linhares Teves; Moura, Miguel Azevedo; Santos, João Vieira dosA contemporaneidade e proeminência dos sistemas de Inteligência Artificial agrega progressiva significância. Porquanto, importa compreender quais as consequências e riscos associados à sua utilização, bem como quais as melhores formas de as acautelar e de proteger os consumidores. O presente estudo procura analisar qual o futuro da governação da IA na Europa, com particular enfoque no setor financeiro. A complexidade destes sistemas exige quadros regulamentares lógicos, claros e rigorosos e, neste sentido, analisa-se mormente a eficácia e coerência do novo Regulamento para a Inteligência Artificial - AI Act - perante esta conjuntura, bem como o grau de (in)eficiência que possa existir na coordenação entre os organismos reguladores. Ressalvamse as implicações deste Regulamento no entendimento do processo de integração da IA na supervisão bancária, nas aplicações de IA de risco elevado e nas avaliações de solvabilidade. Procura-se entender como é que estas novas molduras regulamentares poderão conduzir o impacto transformador da IA nos mercados financeiros e se, para este efeito, subsistirão (ainda) algumas lacunas e carência de orientações suplementares que protejam não só os utilizadores, como os próprios avanços tecnológicos, garantindo a todo o tempo a implantação ética destes sistemas. Este estudo analisa as obrigações para os prestadores e responsáveis pela implantação de sistemas de IA, bem como os requisitos impostos aos diferentes sistemas de IA que são categorizados com base no risco que estes representam. Avalia-se o grau de preparação das empresas para o cumprimento do Regulamento e o possível impacto que terá na inovação, ao nível da União Europeia. Dá-se particular relevância à abordagem colaborativa e descentralizada do regulamento, numa procura de complementaridade e não sobreposição entre as regras que àquele pertencem e as já anteriormente existentes nos vários setores aplicáveis. Para o efeito, é abordada a estratégia adotada para aplicação destas normas a nível nacional, bem como as entidades competentes para o fazer. Procura-se descodificar se o papel do AI Act e as suas normas de compliance by design serão vistos como influenciadores ou como entraves à competitividade e progresso tecnológico, fazendo menção às sandboxes, a título exemplificativo, enquanto uma possibilidade a explorar para possibilitar o florescimento da inovação.
- The admissibility of AI-generated evidence in criminal courtsPublication . Costa, Dimitrius Moraes; Sachoulidou, AthinaThe progressive integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into contemporary society is profoundly transforming the judiciary environment, including the evidentiary framework. AI systems, regardless of their intended purpose, have astonishing capabilities, offering unparalleled investigative capacities while simultaneously challenging the conceptual and normative foundations of evidentiary law. Whereas the shift from traditional to electronic evidence necessitated significant adaptation, the emergence of AI-generated evidence poses a far more disruptive challenge, generating tension between technological advancement and the known admissibility standards. Despite fragmentation across different legal systems, they converge upon some recognised traditional standards, derived from the mandatory protection of fundamental rights and the respect for overarching principles of law, particularly that of fair trial. Nevertheless, the opacity and complexity of AI systems appear to threaten these principles, giving rise to serious concerns over the impacts of admitting such outputs as evidence in criminal proceedings. Therefore, the present thesis examines the admissibility of AI-generated evidence in criminal proceedings through the lens of fundamental rights and general principles of law. It inquires whether such evidence can be reconciled with the normative standards that underpin procedural fairness and the rule of law, and whether its integration into criminal proceedings may occur without compromising the fundamental guarantees of criminal justice. Beyond issues of technical feasibility, this research investigates the epistemic and cognitive dimensions of AI-generated evidence, arguing that awareness and independent scientific knowledge are indispensable for mitigating cognitive bias and avoiding both undue technological deference (automation bias) and unwarranted scepticism (algorithmic aversion). Such a balance presupposes profound consideration of the existing evidentiary standards, as well as the potential benefits and risks arising from AI systems. The present study argues that the admissibility of AI evidence must rest on a human-centric perspective on technology, firmly anchored upon balanced, rights-based standards founded upon the protection of fundamental rights and uphold overarching principles of law.
- Judicial control of the application of undetermined concepts by the European public administrationPublication . Dias, Ana Catarina Santos Soares; Bastos, Filipe BritoUndetermined legal concepts represent a way in which abstract realities can be legally regulated, thereby becoming increasingly relevant in the management of the vague ideas behind them. However, the administrative application of undetermined legal concepts raises concerns, as their vagueness may prevent administrative actions resulting therefrom from remaining within the bounds of legality. That aspect is what courts, in the judicial review of such decisions, must ascertain, but the concrete way to do so depends on several notions and circumstances. This work carries out a renewed analysis of undetermined legal concepts and the issues that they raise, in light of the characteristics of the EU legal order, in particular of the concept of systemic risk in the Digital Services Act. Within this framework, the understanding of systemic risk, and consequently of the procedures related to the due diligence obligations aimed at assessing and mitigating illegal content and other negative effects stemming from the design and functioning of Very Large Online Platforms and Very Large Online Search Engines, is unclear and has been generating uncertainty over the application of the Regulation. This situation serves as a case study to analyse the most adequate standard to judicially review the administrative application of undetermined legal concepts, taking into account the foundations of the EU legal system and the challenges that digital regulation poses to its own administrative enforcement. This research over the DSA’s systemic risk framework seeks to contribute to a suitable vision of administrative decision-making and its judicial oversight, fit for the dynamics of the contemporary digital society and the EU’s institutional frame.
- Marine Protected Areas as tools for advancing SDG 14.cPublication . Baptista, Leonor Roldão Salgado Rodrigues; Cristas, AssunçãoThe ocean is the backbone of life on Earth, as it provides food security, climate regulation and livelihoods to millions of people. Yet, it faces constant threats to its health and biodiversity. MPAs have been recognized as one of the most effective conservation methods and, although their coverage has increased over the past decade, it remains limited, particularly in ABNJ. This raises relevant questions as to what extent MPAs can ultimately promote SDG 14.c, a target often overlooked, despite its central role in promoting ocean governance through the implementation of international law. This report examines the evolving role of MPAs in advancing SDG 14.c, building upon the third UNOC, which took place in June, 2025, and the imminent entry into force of the BBNJ Agreement. Navigating through policies and governance, this report will explore how MPAs can strengthen international legal commitments, governance and capacity related challenges and opportunities to enhance cooperation, legal coherence and equitable participation in high seas conservation. Studies suggest that MPAs not only contribute towards biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation, but they also promote international cooperation, especially regarding management and enforcement of MPAs in ABNJ. Together with UNCLOS, the BBNJ Agreement plays a crucial, although non-exclusive, role in strengthening efforts made towards international legal commitments, such as the 30x30 target and SDG 14. However, their accomplishment requires legal clarity, financing and enhanced international cooperation, particularly to support developing states’ participation and to ensure a fair and equitable sharing of benefits of ocean conservation. To address these gaps, this report proposes an innovative governance mechanism, the High Seas MPA Mentorship Alliance (HSMMA), designed to improve cross-sectoral coordination, capacity development and equitable implementation of MPAs in ABNJ. Through this analysis, advancing SDG 14.c requires not only expanding the current MPAs’ network, but also strengthening the governance architectures that underpin them.
- Financing the TransitionPublication . Lins, Luciana Maria Monteiro; Cristas, AssunçãoThe climate crisis requires a profound transformation of global financial flows. The Paris Agreement sets the objective of drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions, yet current levels of investment remain insufficient. In this context, the European Union has positioned itself as the most ambitious jurisdiction in sustainable finance, building the world’s most sophisticated regulatory architecture, centred on the Taxonomy, the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) and the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), complemented by climate benchmarks and the European Climate Law. This dissertation examines the extent to which the EU’s sustainable finance framework can align financial flows with climate transition goals while simultaneously maintaining credibility and effectiveness in the face of political and market pressures. It employs a qualitative and interdisciplinary methodology, combining legal analysis of the EU’s core instruments with secondary data on investment flows (Net Zero Insights, PwC, BNEF, IEA) and illustrative case studies of corporate and venture capital activity. The findings reveal both progress and persistent gaps. While the EU has advanced in integrating regulation and capital mobilisation, investment remains concentrated in energy and transport, with adaptation, biodiversity and Global South markets underfunded. Moreover, the complexity of the framework generates mounting tensions, exemplified by the Omnibus reform, which highlights the dilemmas between regulatory simplification and the preservation of integrity. The dissertation concludes that effectiveness depends on the interaction of four interdependent dimensions: impact measurement, industrial policy, hybrid financing models (such as public–private–philanthropic partnerships), and regulatory credibility. Academically, the research contributes by integrating legal, financial and technological perspectives. Empirically, it synthesises recent data on flows and sectoral gaps. Practically, it identifies the conditions under which the EU can strengthen the alignment between sustainable finance and climate transition goals, contributing to a more equitable and sustainable trajectory.
- Repair-Oriented Interpretations in EU Design LawPublication . Alonso, Francisco Lobão; Priora, GiuliaThis thesis examines how EU Design Law can better accommodate repair. As the EU has explicitly embraced circular economy principles, the question arises whether its intellectual property systems can adapt. The repair clause in EU Design Law, being recently affirmed as aligned with circular economy goals, provides a unique entry point in the IP field for analysis and an invitation to look throughout the framework to assess where else EU Design Law could further enable repair. The analysis has two main focus points. Firstly, it examines exclusions from protection, particularly functionality and public policy, with space to ponder the impact that the interconnection and modular systems related provisions can have in light of the circular economy goals. The goal is first to determine whether a public domain of spare parts, meaning certain features of appearance that remain available for use and replication by repairers, exists and how it can be influenced by repair-oriented interpretation of the relevant articles. And second, to understand if the public policy exclusion provides grounds to not grant protection to designs that contradict the goal of implementing a right to repair. Secondly, it analyses limitations of exclusive rights, focusing on how private use, citation, referential use, exhaustion, and especially the repair clause govern the lawfulness of repair uses. In this regard, analysis of relevant case law highlights some uncertainty regarding the applicability and operationalisation of these clauses in repair scenarios. Nevertheless, the interpretation of these provisions, having in mind their consequences to the circular economy the EU is trying to build, could be a solid route to align design protection with the circular economy. The thesis argues for maximising interpretive possibilities within the existing Design Law framework, trying to expand its capacity for enabling meaningful repair uses.
- O segredo profissional do jornalistaPublication . Lira, Francisco André Ribeiro; Pinto, Frederico de Lacerda da CostaA presente dissertação analisa o regime do segredo profissional do jornalista no ordenamento jurídico português e o incidente de quebra do respetivo segredo. Entendendo que o sigilo das fontes constitui um elemento estrutural da liberdade de imprensa e do sistema de direitos comunicacionais consagrado na CRP, mas reconhecendo que o mesmo não deverá assumir um carácter absoluto, estabelece-se, em permanência, o confronto com os interesses da investigação criminal, que a possibilidade de quebra do segredo prevista no art.135º do CPP pretende salvaguardar. Deste modo, compreender em que medida pode o sigilo do jornalista ser restringido e limitado no processo penal e que cautelas e garantias devem, nesse sentido, ser tomadas, constitui um dos objetivos centrais da dissertação. Por conseguinte, num primeiro momento, procura-se definir o sigilo jornalístico enquanto um direito e um dever, enquadrá-lo devidamente na lei e nas normas deontológicas e sublinhar a sua especial relevância para a circulação da informação e, consequentemente, para a manutenção do Estado de Direito democrático. Num momento posterior, propomo-nos a estudar com algum pormenor o já aludido regime da quebra do segredo profissional. Tendo-se optado por decompor o incidente em 4 momentos distintos – invocação, avaliação da legitimidade, justificação da escusa e recurso – e combinando uma análise dogmática, um exame jurisprudencial e uma reflexão crítica, pretende-se percorrer a sua respetiva tramitação e evidenciar eventuais divergências e problemas interpretativos que afetam a prática judicial. Entre esses, destacam-se, a título de exemplo: a titularidade da iniciativa da invocação e a sua dispensa, as consequências deontológicas e penais da não invocação do sigilo, a competência para a decisão de avaliação da legitimidade, a obrigatoriedade e vinculatividade da audição do SJ, os critérios de ponderação da justificação da escusa, os direitos da testemunha-escusante, a (in)existência de um conflito legal-deontológico e a recorribilidade das várias decisões proferidas. O objetivo global da dissertação passa, assim, por oferecer, sempre que possível, uma resposta adequada e equilibrada às referidas divergências e lacunas legais, de modo a construir um regime compatibilizador onde o sigilo das fontes e a procura da verdade material no processo criminal coexistem de forma tão ampla quanto possível.
- O contexto sociojurídico do conflito do Saara Ocidental: O direito à autodeterminação do povo SaarauiPublication . João Luís de Bravo Alves; Guedes, Armando MarquesNeste trabalho, exploramos as implicações sociojurídicas do conflito do Saara Ocidental. Para tal, analisamos os principais tópicos relativos a este tema. Primeiramente, analisamos as raízes do povo saaraui e as respetivas características culturais. De seguida, consideramos a história do território, passando pelo processo de ocupação espanhola. Continuamos a nossa investigação descrevendo as tentativas de descolonização incentivadas pela comunidade internacional e a reivindicação de autodeterminação. Ainda neste trabalho, revemos os precedentes legais relativos ao tema, apontando as implicações sociais de cada um deles. Por fim, elaboramos uma conclusão com base no trabalho realizado, sublinhando o direito inalienável de autodeterminação do povo saaraui.
- What are the legal implications of using Artificial Intelligence in risk assessment for Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) processes within the fintech industry, and how do current EU regulations address these issues?Publication . Fabel, Luiza de Pinho Tavares; Moura, Miguel de AzevedoEsta tese analisa o impacto da inteligência artificial (IA) nos processos de Know Your Customer (KYC) e Anti-Money Laundering (AML) no setor de pagamentos digitais, com foco no contexto regulatório da União Europeia. A pesquisa discute a evolução dos pagamentos digitais, os principais marcos regulatórios, como PSD2, AMLD6, MiCA, GDPR e o AI Act, e avalia aplicações práticas de IA em verificação de identidade, análise de risco e monitoramento de transações. Embora a IA proporcione maior eficiência, precisão e capacidade preditiva, ela também introduz riscos significativos, como viés algorítmico, falta de transparência e desafios de governança. Além disso, a integração de IA impõe complexidades adicionais para fintechs menores, que enfrentam barreiras na implementação de estruturas robustas de compliance. A União Europeia se destaca por uma abordagem regulatória abrangente, combinando inovação tecnológica e salvaguardas éticas. Conclui-se que o uso sustentável da IA em pagamentos exige um equilíbrio entre avanço tecnológico, conformidade regulatória e responsabilidade ética, a fim de preservar a confiança e a integridade do ecossistema financeiro.
- Combating money laundering in footbalPublication . Duarte, Gabriel de Macedo; Bolina, HelenaThis thesis examines how football is consolidating a solid and integrated anti–money laundering system based on the complementary interaction of three regulation pillars to enhance prevention, detection, and reporting. Drawing on the EU Single Rulebook, the FIFA Clearing House, and Financial Fair Play, with UEFA focus framework, the study demonstrates that the sport is transitioning from a istorically vulnerable sector to an industry capable of adopting a risk-based preventive approach. The analysis shows that mechanisms such as due diligence, beneficial ownership identification, verification of source of funds, centralized transfer monitoring, and financial supervision have progressively aligned football with international AML standards. Although these frameworks emerged independently, they now operate in a convergent manner: the EU Single Rulebook introduces binding AML obligations; the FIFA Clearing House provides global transparency and detection tools for all clubs in the FIFA system - no matter the size; and Financial Fair Play reinforces financial integrity. These developments establish a comprehensive system capable of identifying risks, preventing abuse, and enabling effective reporting to authorities. Rather than a disruptive shift, the extension of AML obligations to football starting from 2024 and 2027 until 2029 represents the maturation of this solid preventive governance model. Finally, the comparative analysis of Brazil and Portugal shows how both jurisdictions illustrate the broader global convergence toward AML-oriented football governance. Portugal’s experience with the SAD regime and beneficial ownership transparency demonstrates that football can operate under stringent regulatory standards. Brazil, in turn, is adopting a similar trajectory through the SAF Law and the emergence of national financial fair play mechanisms, positioning the country to integrate more rapidly into international AML expectations.