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Literatura e Resistência: A palavra escrita nas reivindicações territoriais dos povos indígenas
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Após mais de 500 anos de violência colonial, os povos indígenas continuam a resistir nos seus próprios territórios, alvo dos interesses económicos do grande capital. Apesar dos despejos, dos deslocamentos e dos assassinatos, os povos originários do continente latino-americano não deixam de desenvolver estratégias de resistência frente à opressão. A partir da analise da relação entre escrita e oralidade, a presente dissertação estuda o fenómeno de apropriação da palavra escrita por parte dos povos indígenas, tipicamente orais, nas suas lutas para a reapropriação dos territórios ancestrais e para a reprodução das próprias culturas. O primeiro caso estudado é a literatura insurgente zapatista e a sua relação com a palavra oral dos antepassados maias: a importância da tradição oral na chamada oralitura indígena será o foco do nosso trabalho. De Chiapas viajamos até o Sul do subcontinente para investigarmos a poesia mapuche, herdeira da tradição dos ngenpiñ, os donos da palavra nas comunidades, concentrando a nossa análise nas teorias do oralitor Elicura Chihuailaf. O terceiro e último caso de estudo é o processo histórico e social de alfabetização do Nasa Yuwe por parte das comunidades nasas do Cauca, na Colômbia. Processo recente, a alfabetização do Nasa Yuwe, ajuda-nos a entender o potencial político que a apropriação da escrita por parte dos povos indígenas leva consigo, na tentativa de responder às perguntas que constituem a base do nosso estudo: por que, para quem e como escrevem os povos indígenas?
After more than 500 years of colonial violence, indigenous peoples continue to resist in their own territories, the targets of the economic interests of big business. Despite the evictions, displacements and murders, the native peoples of the Latin American continent continue to develop strategies of resistance in the face of oppression. Based on the analysis of the relationship between writing and orality, this dissertation studies the phenomenon of appropriation of the written word by indigenous peoples, typically oral, in their struggles for the re-appropriation of ancestral territories and for the reproduction of their own cultures. The first case studied will be the Zapatista insurgent literature and its relationship with the oral word of the Mayan ancestors: the importance of oral tradition in the so-called indigenous oralitura will be the focus of our work. From Chiapas, we will travel to the south of the continent to investigate the Mapuche poetry, heir to the tradition of the Ngenpiñ, the owners of the word in the communities, concentrating our analysis on the theories of the oralitor Elicura Chihuailaf. The third and last case study will be the historical and social process of Nasa Yuwe literacy by the nasa Yuwe communities in Cauca, Colombia. As the recent process that it is, the literacy of Nasa Yuwe, helps us to understand the political potential that the appropriation of writing by indigenous peoples brings with it, in an attempt to answer the questions that constitute the basis of our study: why, for whom and how do indigenous peoples write?
After more than 500 years of colonial violence, indigenous peoples continue to resist in their own territories, the targets of the economic interests of big business. Despite the evictions, displacements and murders, the native peoples of the Latin American continent continue to develop strategies of resistance in the face of oppression. Based on the analysis of the relationship between writing and orality, this dissertation studies the phenomenon of appropriation of the written word by indigenous peoples, typically oral, in their struggles for the re-appropriation of ancestral territories and for the reproduction of their own cultures. The first case studied will be the Zapatista insurgent literature and its relationship with the oral word of the Mayan ancestors: the importance of oral tradition in the so-called indigenous oralitura will be the focus of our work. From Chiapas, we will travel to the south of the continent to investigate the Mapuche poetry, heir to the tradition of the Ngenpiñ, the owners of the word in the communities, concentrating our analysis on the theories of the oralitor Elicura Chihuailaf. The third and last case study will be the historical and social process of Nasa Yuwe literacy by the nasa Yuwe communities in Cauca, Colombia. As the recent process that it is, the literacy of Nasa Yuwe, helps us to understand the political potential that the appropriation of writing by indigenous peoples brings with it, in an attempt to answer the questions that constitute the basis of our study: why, for whom and how do indigenous peoples write?
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Palavras-chave
Oralitura Oralidade Povos indígenas Escrita EZLN Mapuche Nasa Indigenous people Writing Orality