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Reformas administrativas e governação urbana de proximidade. Uma análise comparativa Lisboa - Loulé
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As Reformas do Estado com vista a torná-lo mais eficiente, mais próximo das pessoas e menos burocrático, adaptando-se às novas necessidades e melhorando os interesses das populações, não são uma realidade nova. No entanto, nos últimos anos, a recessão económica conjugada com as exigências e evolução da política entre outros fatores, fez com que o desenvolvimento de políticas que pudessem contribuir para uma maior sustentabilidade da gestão pública voltasse a estar na agenda política.
No presente século o Estado está sujeito a uma grande pressão devido a muitos fatores, nomeadamente à globalização. A procura de soluções baseadas em modelos de governação de maior proximidade que contribuam para melhorar a qualidade e eficiência das políticas nos territórios é o desafio a enfrentar. Como é que a reforma administrativa da capital pôde contribuir para melhorar a eficiência da sua administração e reforçar a proximidade aos cidadãos? Em que medida o processo desenvolvido poderá ser exemplificativo para impulsionar outros territórios como Loulé a refletir sobre este assunto?
Portugal, após o pedido de ajuda externa, sujeitou-se ao cumprimento de um conjunto de medidas constantes no Programa de Assistência Económica e Financeira. De entre reformas a promover e medidas a adotar estava incluída a reorganização administrativa do território nacional. Ao nível das freguesias a lei estipula a promoção da coesão territorial e o desenvolvimento local, o alargamento da atribuição de competências das freguesias, o aprofundamento da capacidade interventiva das mesmas, entre outras, segundo a lei n.º 22/2012 que aprovou o regime jurídico da reorganização administrativa territorial autárquica. Avançou-se, mas muitos dos objetivos propostos não foram atingidos com sucesso, exceto em Lisboa que experienciou uma realidade muito distinta do verificado no restante território nacional porque teve capacidade de, mesmo antes das imposições da Troika, estudar e refletir a organização e governação do seu território. Recorrendo a análise bibliográfica que retratasse a realidade a nível nacional e experiências internacionais como Espanha e França, foi possível perceber e analisar melhor o estado da arte. Relacionando esse diagnóstico às orientações de legislação e políticas públicas de promoção de uma maior coesão territorial, de uma administração pública mais eficiente e próxima do cidadão foi
possível fazer avaliações quanto aos procedimentos adotados, aos aspetos pertinentes a considerar noutros territórios (como os estudos realizados antes da reforma), à importância de ouvir e envolver os atores e monitorizar o processo, entre outros. Tudo isto revelou-se crucial para assinalar aspetos a melhorar, reforçar fatores positivos e refletir sobre um modelo de trabalho possível para o território louletano.
Percecionados os fatores positivos a melhorar, e relacionando essa análise ao conhecimento empírico dos atores que vivem a realidade, foi possível definir parâmetros e interpretações que poderão ser importantes para iniciar uma discussão em Loulé sobre uma possível reforma administrativa e alteração do modelo de governação da cidade, com ideias e princípios pelo menos comparáveis aos que permitiram à cidade lisboeta estar agora num caminho de maior eficiência e de proximidade de quem deve estar – dos cidadãos, e dessa forma tentar que seja um exemplo para Loulé.
The reforms made by the State aiming to make its “factory” more efficient and less expensive while adapting its framework to the modern needs and challenges, as well as to the distinct interests from the territorial stakeholders aren’t a present time novelty. With the last years economic and social crisis that has stroke Portugal, a new trend based on public sustainability policy development aiming to reduce the public deficit has been made to perpetuate the theme into the Portuguese Government main priorities. In the recent years, the State has become subject of great pressure due to many important factors such as the globalization. That pressure weakens the role of the State as it is conceptualized. The challenge that as to be overcomed is the search for solutions based on models of proximity governance which contributes to the overall improvement of territorial management and which allows to more efficient territorial policies. In which way has the administrative reform of the city of Lisbon contributed to the improvement of the efficiency of the city administration and the reinforcement of the population proximity? How can the model implemented in Lisbon city be replicated in other territories with a proportional degree of success? The experience with the administrative reform of Lisbon suggests a good model to define the strategy to apply to other geographies. After the request for economic assistance sent to Europe, the Portuguese Government has submitted to the strict guidelines and guidance from the Economic and Financial Aid Program delivered by the lending countries/entities. Within the many guidelines included in the Aid Program, the administrative reorganization was one of them. At the local level, the law number 22/2012 which approved the legal regime for the administrative reorganization within the local level stipulates the promotion of territorial cohesion and local development, the enlargement of the local governments legal roles and duties, among other changes. Excluding the Lisbon municipality, many changes were applied however some objectives weren’t successfully achieved. Trough many literature which includes both national and international analyses to similar reforms carried out in Portugal and other European countries such as Spain and France, was possible to develop the state of the art for this thesis. While relating this research to other literature such as legislation and policies about territorial cohesion, public administration efficiency and population participation and inclusion was possible to improve the overall evaluation as well as identify good practices and aspects to improve in coming experiences. Comparing the analysis present in the state of the art to the empirical knowledge owned by some specialists and politics personalities, who live these themes on a daily basis, made possible to define parameters that might be capable to start a whole debate about these themes in Loulé municipality. This discussion, if started, might as well mimic the reform made in Lisbon that allowed the municipality to get its “factory” way more efficient and closer to its citizens.
The reforms made by the State aiming to make its “factory” more efficient and less expensive while adapting its framework to the modern needs and challenges, as well as to the distinct interests from the territorial stakeholders aren’t a present time novelty. With the last years economic and social crisis that has stroke Portugal, a new trend based on public sustainability policy development aiming to reduce the public deficit has been made to perpetuate the theme into the Portuguese Government main priorities. In the recent years, the State has become subject of great pressure due to many important factors such as the globalization. That pressure weakens the role of the State as it is conceptualized. The challenge that as to be overcomed is the search for solutions based on models of proximity governance which contributes to the overall improvement of territorial management and which allows to more efficient territorial policies. In which way has the administrative reform of the city of Lisbon contributed to the improvement of the efficiency of the city administration and the reinforcement of the population proximity? How can the model implemented in Lisbon city be replicated in other territories with a proportional degree of success? The experience with the administrative reform of Lisbon suggests a good model to define the strategy to apply to other geographies. After the request for economic assistance sent to Europe, the Portuguese Government has submitted to the strict guidelines and guidance from the Economic and Financial Aid Program delivered by the lending countries/entities. Within the many guidelines included in the Aid Program, the administrative reorganization was one of them. At the local level, the law number 22/2012 which approved the legal regime for the administrative reorganization within the local level stipulates the promotion of territorial cohesion and local development, the enlargement of the local governments legal roles and duties, among other changes. Excluding the Lisbon municipality, many changes were applied however some objectives weren’t successfully achieved. Trough many literature which includes both national and international analyses to similar reforms carried out in Portugal and other European countries such as Spain and France, was possible to develop the state of the art for this thesis. While relating this research to other literature such as legislation and policies about territorial cohesion, public administration efficiency and population participation and inclusion was possible to improve the overall evaluation as well as identify good practices and aspects to improve in coming experiences. Comparing the analysis present in the state of the art to the empirical knowledge owned by some specialists and politics personalities, who live these themes on a daily basis, made possible to define parameters that might be capable to start a whole debate about these themes in Loulé municipality. This discussion, if started, might as well mimic the reform made in Lisbon that allowed the municipality to get its “factory” way more efficient and closer to its citizens.
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Palavras-chave
Governação Reforms Administração Loulé Reformas Administration Efficiency Governation