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Publicação
O mercado de habitação em Centros Urbanos Regionais: uma leitura no período 2016 – 2023
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Resumo(s)
O setor habitacional português tem sido alvo de grandes alterações, que têm
condicionado o acesso à habitação quer no mercado de compra quer no mercado de
arrendamento. Vários fatores contribuíram para o desequilíbrio do mercado
nomeadamente: as taxas de juro historicamente baixas; o aumento do turismo; o
aumento do Alojamento Local (AL); as políticas de atração de investimento estrangeiro
(e.g. Programa Vistos Gold, Nómadas digitais); e as políticas de incentivo à reabilitação.
Porém, as medidas tomadas por parte do(s) Governo(s), a fim de mitigar estes
problemas, muitas vezes apareceram tardiamente e apresentaram resultados
insuficientes, indicando falta de eficácia das mesmas.
Num período mais recente (pós-Troika), o mercado imobiliário foi fortemente
impactado por questões político-económicas, tornando Portugal um dos países da União
Europeia em que o preço da habitação aumentou de forma mais acentuada, no mercado
de compra e de arrendamento.
A presente dissertação pretende analisar as transformações e as dinâmicas do
mercado habitacional em Centros Urbanos Regionais de Portugal, entre 2016 e 2023.
Nesse sentido, para selecionar os centros a integrar no caso de estudo, foram definidos
três critérios: i) tipologia de centros urbanos adotada na revisão do Programa Nacional
da Política de Ordenamento do Território, tendo optado pelos Centros Urbanos
Regionais; ii) seleção dos Centros Urbanos Regionais que acolhem a sede de
estabelecimento de ensino superior público, universitário ou politécnico; iii) distinção
entre os localizados em territórios de baixa densidade e os localizados no litoral. Deste
modo, a investigação pretende estudar as disparidades no acesso à habitação entre os
territórios de baixa densidade e os do litoral, bem como os principais fatores que
contribuem para esta diferenciação. Complementarmente, foi utilizado um modelo
teórico-quantitativo denominado por Índice de Acesso à Habitação (IAH), que
estabelece o rácio entre o preço mediano do metro quadrado e o rendimento mediano
dos agregados familiares, indicando como evoluiu o acesso à habitação nos Centros
Urbanos Regionais selecionados.
Os resultados demonstram uma tendência generalizada, embora faseada, no
aumento do preço mediano do metro quadrado, tanto para a compra como para o
arrendamento. Como este aumento não é proporcional aos rendimentos dos agregados
familiares, o acesso à habitação tem se vindo a deteriorar, ao longo da última década,
em todo o país, contudo com diferenciações espaciais e ritmos distintos.
The Portuguese housing sector has undergone major changes, which have conditioned access to housing in both the purchase and rental markets. Several factors have contributed to the imbalance in the market, namely: historically low interest rates; the rise in tourism; the increase in Local Accommodation (LA); policies to attract foreign investment (e.g. Golden Visa Program, Digital Nomads); and policies to encourage rehabilitation. However, the measures taken by the government(s) to mitigate these problems have often come late and have shown insufficient results, indicating a lack of effectiveness. In a more recent period (post-Troika), the property market has been strongly impacted by political and economic issues, making Portugal one of the countries in the European Union where the price of housing has risen most sharply, both in the purchase and rental markets. This dissertation aims to analyse the transformations and dynamics of the housing market in Portugal's Regional Urban Centers between 2016 and 2023. To this end, in order to select the centers to be included in the case study, three criteria were defined: i) the typology of urban centers adopted in the revision of the National Spatial Planning Policy Program, which opted for Regional Urban Centers; ii) the selection of Regional Urban Centers that house the headquarters of a public, university or polytechnic higher education establishment; iii) the distinction between those located in low-density territories and those located on the coast. In this way, the research aims to study the disparities in access to housing between low-density territories and those on the coast, as well as the main factors that contribute to this differentiation. In addition, a theoretical-quantitative model called the Housing Access Index (HAI) was used, which establishes the ratio between the median square meter price and the median household income, indicating how access to housing has evolved in the selected Regional Urban Centers. The results show a general trend, albeit phased, in the increase of the median square meter price, both for buying and renting. As this increase is not proportional to household incomes, access to housing has been deteriorating throughout the country over the last decade, albeit with different spatial differences and at different rates.
The Portuguese housing sector has undergone major changes, which have conditioned access to housing in both the purchase and rental markets. Several factors have contributed to the imbalance in the market, namely: historically low interest rates; the rise in tourism; the increase in Local Accommodation (LA); policies to attract foreign investment (e.g. Golden Visa Program, Digital Nomads); and policies to encourage rehabilitation. However, the measures taken by the government(s) to mitigate these problems have often come late and have shown insufficient results, indicating a lack of effectiveness. In a more recent period (post-Troika), the property market has been strongly impacted by political and economic issues, making Portugal one of the countries in the European Union where the price of housing has risen most sharply, both in the purchase and rental markets. This dissertation aims to analyse the transformations and dynamics of the housing market in Portugal's Regional Urban Centers between 2016 and 2023. To this end, in order to select the centers to be included in the case study, three criteria were defined: i) the typology of urban centers adopted in the revision of the National Spatial Planning Policy Program, which opted for Regional Urban Centers; ii) the selection of Regional Urban Centers that house the headquarters of a public, university or polytechnic higher education establishment; iii) the distinction between those located in low-density territories and those located on the coast. In this way, the research aims to study the disparities in access to housing between low-density territories and those on the coast, as well as the main factors that contribute to this differentiation. In addition, a theoretical-quantitative model called the Housing Access Index (HAI) was used, which establishes the ratio between the median square meter price and the median household income, indicating how access to housing has evolved in the selected Regional Urban Centers. The results show a general trend, albeit phased, in the increase of the median square meter price, both for buying and renting. As this increase is not proportional to household incomes, access to housing has been deteriorating throughout the country over the last decade, albeit with different spatial differences and at different rates.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Políticas de habitação Mercado de Habitação Índice de Acesso à Habitação Centros Urbanos Regionais Acesso à Habitação Housing policies Housing Market Housing Access Index Regional Urban Centers Access to Housing