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Memória social e disposição das partes interessadas locais para a prevenção de conflitos socioambientais em contexto de megaprojeto: O caso do projeto de expansão do Terminal XXI e construção do novo Terminal Vasco da Gama no Porto de Sines
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Resumo(s)
Empreendimentos de grande escala com diversos impactos e riscos socioambientais, os megaprojetos frequentemente não contam com uma participação pública adequada em seu processo decisório e de implantação, o que contribui para conflitos entre o empreendedor e a comunidade. O Porto de Sines e o complexo industrial relacionado, implantados desde meados da década de 1970 em Portugal, são um megaprojeto expansivo de importância econômica local, nacional e mundial, com uma história de conflitos e protestos da população local. Recentemente, ocorreu a aprovação de mais uma ampliação do Porto pela expansão do Terminal XXI e da construção de um novo terminal. O presente estudo qualitativo busca compreender como a memória do histórico de conflitos se associa a disposições atuais de partes interessadas para o conflito ou a sua prevenção. A contextualização histórica foi baseada na literatura e em fontes documentais, e a recolha das narrativas sobre memórias e das expectativas face aos projetos de ampliação foi feita em seis entrevistas semi-estruturadas a residentes em Sines e representantes de algumas partes interessadas mais diretamente afetadas, seguidas de análise de conteúdo qualitativa. Concluiu-se que as memórias coletivas e individuais relatadas foram marcadas pela expropriação inicial de terras e pelas mudanças profundas na paisagem e nos modos e meios de vida locais, com avaliações contrastantes em que acidentes industriais e problemas de poluição são contrabalançados por ganhos de crescimento econômico e emprego. As entrevistas mostram memórias vivas de protestos e da sua contribuição para a redução de impactos negativos. Contudo, manifestam baixa disposição atual para o conflito, face à assimetria de poderes, à memória da redução dos impactos negativos e à percepção de vantagens econômicas para a população em geral. Apontam mais para negociação de compensações e a manutenção do equilíbrio entre ganhos econômicos e custos ambientais. Em relação ao diálogo entre a Administação do Porto e a comunidade local, apesar de reconhecerem em geral um esforço da Administração ao longo dos anos, a comunicação ainda permanece ineficiente, necessitando de melhorias e maior divulgação.
Megaprojects are large-scale undertakings with several social and environmental impacts and risks, which often do not hold adequate public participation in their decisionmaking and implementation processes. This contributes to conflict between the project developers and the comunity. The Port of Sines and the related industrial complex, which began being deployed in the mid-1970s in Portugal, are an expanding megaproject of local, national and world bearing, with a backtrack of conflict and protest by the local population. Recently, a further Port enlargement was approved, through the expansion of its Terminal XXI and the building of a new one. This qualitative study seeks to understand how memories of conflict are connected to the present stakeholders’ dispositions towards conflict or its prevention. Historical context was researched using literature and documentary sources. Narratives about memories and the expectations concerning the enlargement projects were collected in six semi-structured interviews with residents in Sines and representatives of some of the more directly concerned stakeholders, followed by qualitative content analysis. The conclusions are that reported individual and collective memories are marked by early land expropriation and radical changes in the landscape and local ways of life and livelyhoods, contrasting assessments in which industrial accidents and pollution issues are counterwighted with gains in economic growth and employment. The interviews display living memories of protest, and its effect in reducing negative impacts. However, they also evidence a currently low disposition towards conflict, due to power asymmetry, the memory of the reduction of negative impacts and the perception of economic advantages for the overall population. The interviews therefore rather point to negotiating compensation and keeping an equilibrium between economic gains and environmental costs. Concerning dialogue of the Port Administration ant the local community, even though they overall acknowledge an effort by the Administration over the past years, communication remains inneficient, in need of improvement and wider outreach.
Megaprojects are large-scale undertakings with several social and environmental impacts and risks, which often do not hold adequate public participation in their decisionmaking and implementation processes. This contributes to conflict between the project developers and the comunity. The Port of Sines and the related industrial complex, which began being deployed in the mid-1970s in Portugal, are an expanding megaproject of local, national and world bearing, with a backtrack of conflict and protest by the local population. Recently, a further Port enlargement was approved, through the expansion of its Terminal XXI and the building of a new one. This qualitative study seeks to understand how memories of conflict are connected to the present stakeholders’ dispositions towards conflict or its prevention. Historical context was researched using literature and documentary sources. Narratives about memories and the expectations concerning the enlargement projects were collected in six semi-structured interviews with residents in Sines and representatives of some of the more directly concerned stakeholders, followed by qualitative content analysis. The conclusions are that reported individual and collective memories are marked by early land expropriation and radical changes in the landscape and local ways of life and livelyhoods, contrasting assessments in which industrial accidents and pollution issues are counterwighted with gains in economic growth and employment. The interviews display living memories of protest, and its effect in reducing negative impacts. However, they also evidence a currently low disposition towards conflict, due to power asymmetry, the memory of the reduction of negative impacts and the perception of economic advantages for the overall population. The interviews therefore rather point to negotiating compensation and keeping an equilibrium between economic gains and environmental costs. Concerning dialogue of the Port Administration ant the local community, even though they overall acknowledge an effort by the Administration over the past years, communication remains inneficient, in need of improvement and wider outreach.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Megaprojeto Partes interessadas (stakeholders) Conflito Porto de Sines (Portugal) Megaprojet Memória social Stakeholders Conflict Social memory Port of Sines (Portugal)