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This study examines how Apple and Google exert platform power in the automotive ecosystem and evaluates the effectiveness of the EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA) in addressing these dynamics. The analysis shows how restrictions, bundling practices, and data asymmetries foster structural dependencies for car manufacturers and third-party developers. Evidence comes from a qualitative case study of Apple CarPlay and Android Automotive OS, and from expert interviews. Apple’s influence derives from cross-market lock-in through iOS, whereas
Google’s embedded model raises deeper concerns regarding data access and service integration. The findings reveal regulatory gaps and offer recommendations for future DMA adaptations.
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Platform ecosystems Automotive digital platforms Digital gatekeeping Competition Digital markets Act (DMA)
