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How are incumbent European energy companies reinventing their business models to align with the energy transition while balancing sustainability and profitability?
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This thesis examines how European energy incumbents reinvent business models to align sustainability with profitability. Analyzing Engie, Enel and Ørsted over 2014-2024, it demonstrates that success relies on the coordinated use of five mechanisms: portfolio transformation, digital and service innovation, partnership and M&A, financial innovation and governance alignment. The results show that profitability reinforces decarbonisation when these elements operate as an integrated system, creating a virtuous cycle of green growth. This study offers a theoretical contribution to sustainable business model innovation and a practical playbook for managers navigating the energy transition.
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Sustainable business model innovation Energy transition Portfolio transformation Renewable energy Digital and service innovation Financial innovation Governance alignment