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Redescobrindo o Divino Feminino na Glíptica Mesopotâmica - A Região do Diyala (IV-II Milénios a.C.)
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A glíptica mesopotâmica, enquanto objeto de estudo arqueológico, assume-se como marcadamente polivalente, pois através dela é possível estudar dinâmicas de várias ordens, dado o seu uso transversal ao longo dos mais de três mil anos de história desta civilização. De facto, a par do espólio cerâmico, os selos cilíndricos são, sem dúvida, os artefactos que registam uma maior representatividade nas escavações levadas a cabo no território do atual Iraque e da atual Síria. A região do Diyala, zona centro-sul da Mesopotâmia, intervencionada pelo Instituto Oriental de Chicago, na década de 1930, revelou um enorme potencial arqueológico no que diz respeito a estes objectos, que se traduziu em quatro principais arqueossítios: Tell Asmar, Khafajah, Ishchali e Tell Agrab. A partir do espólio glíptico ali identificado, tornou-se possível revisitar o passado, numa cronologia alargada, que alberga um espetro temporal desde os finais do IV milénio a.C. até aos inícios do II milénio a.C.
Tendo como ponto de partida a amostragem do Diyala, procurámos redescobrir o divino feminino mesopotâmico numa ótica de análise interdisciplinar. A glíptica do Diyala traduz uma construção contínua dos arquétipos do divino feminino na Mesopotâmia, ao mesmo tempo que apresenta um pensamento religioso moldado quer por uma lógica oficial, quer pela piedade popular, atestando a confluência entre ambas. As deusas que surgem representadas nas cenas iconográficas aparecem de múltiplas formas, antropomórfica e simbólica, afirmando-se como agentes de poder efetivo a todos os níveis. A polivalência dos espaços onde os selos cilíndricos com representações do divino feminino foram exumados (em estruturas palacianas, em espaços cúlticos e em habitações domésticas) espelham o caráter polivalente conferido a este género na Mesopotâmia.
Mesopotamian glyptic, as an object of archaeological study, presents multiple perspectives that allow to analyse different dynamics, given the transversal use of the cylinder seal during the three thousand years of this civilization’s history. In fact, along with ceramic materials, cylinder seals are, undoubtedly, the artifacts that register a larger representation in the archaeological excavations that have taken place in the modern territories of Iraq and Syria. The Diyala Region, in the south/central area of Mesopotamia, excavated by the Oriental Institute of Chicago in the 1930s, revealed a tremendous archaeological potential regarding these objects, which translated itself in four main sites: Tell Asmar, Khafajah, Ishchali, and Tell Agrab. From the glyptic material identified in these sites, we were able to revisit the past, in a vast chronology, between the end of the 4th millennium and the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE. With the Diyala’s glyptic material as a starting point, we sought to rediscover the Mesopotamian divine feminine through an interdisciplinary perspective. The Diyala glyptic expresses a continuous construction of the Mesopotamian divine feminine archetypes, and, at the same time, displays a religious thought shaped by the official logic and by popular piety, confirming the confluences between them. The goddesses represented in the cylinder seals appear in multiple forms, anthropomorphic and symbolic, affirming themselves as agents of effective power at all levels. The different spatial contexts where the cylinder seals with representations of the Mesopotamian divine feminine were exhumed (in palatial structures, in cultic spaces, and in domestic houses) reflect the polyvalent character bestowed to the feminine in Mesopotamia.
Mesopotamian glyptic, as an object of archaeological study, presents multiple perspectives that allow to analyse different dynamics, given the transversal use of the cylinder seal during the three thousand years of this civilization’s history. In fact, along with ceramic materials, cylinder seals are, undoubtedly, the artifacts that register a larger representation in the archaeological excavations that have taken place in the modern territories of Iraq and Syria. The Diyala Region, in the south/central area of Mesopotamia, excavated by the Oriental Institute of Chicago in the 1930s, revealed a tremendous archaeological potential regarding these objects, which translated itself in four main sites: Tell Asmar, Khafajah, Ishchali, and Tell Agrab. From the glyptic material identified in these sites, we were able to revisit the past, in a vast chronology, between the end of the 4th millennium and the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE. With the Diyala’s glyptic material as a starting point, we sought to rediscover the Mesopotamian divine feminine through an interdisciplinary perspective. The Diyala glyptic expresses a continuous construction of the Mesopotamian divine feminine archetypes, and, at the same time, displays a religious thought shaped by the official logic and by popular piety, confirming the confluences between them. The goddesses represented in the cylinder seals appear in multiple forms, anthropomorphic and symbolic, affirming themselves as agents of effective power at all levels. The different spatial contexts where the cylinder seals with representations of the Mesopotamian divine feminine were exhumed (in palatial structures, in cultic spaces, and in domestic houses) reflect the polyvalent character bestowed to the feminine in Mesopotamia.
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Palavras-chave
Diyala Selos cilíndricos História das Religiões Arqueologia Deusas Archaeology History of Religions Diyala Cylinder seals Goddesses