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Análise de ciberestratégias e ciberética na segurança nacional: Estados Unidos da América, Rússia e Portugal
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A presente dissertação pretende refletir sobre as limitações éticas no possível
comprometimento dos direitos humanos em prol da segurança nacional, contribuindo
para a consciencialização das principais questões envolvidas, esclarecendo conceitos e
revelando diferenças e semelhanças no que diz respeito a valores, orientações e práticas
de ciberguerra, ciberestratégias e ciberética em três zonas geográficas (Estados Unidos
da América, Rússia e Portugal) através de uma metodologia comparativa.
Para tal foi realizado um levantamento de informação acerca das características
que distinguem a ciberguerra do conflito tradicional e de que forma a ética pode impor
restrições nas estratégias e atuação dos estados.
Declarada como um direito humano, a privacidade diz respeito à reserva de
informações de índole pessoal e, num mundo digital minado por dispositivos de
vigilância massiva, ocupa um lugar de destaque nesta investigação pelo seu carácter
atual.
Foram identificadas as seguintes características: a crescente dependência
económica dos sistemas de informação; o setor privado de infraestruturas críticas como
o alvo principal de ataques; o alargamento dos incidentes de segurança de informação
a pessoas singulares; o surgimento de novas formas de ataque e estratégias com novos
tipos de armas; o aumento de utilização de hackers, éticos e não éticos, ao serviço do
sector público e privado; e a inexistência de documentos normativos nacionais que
definam os limites éticos no tratamento da informação civil. Constatou-se ainda que que
nenhum estado declarou ciberguerra a outro, e por isso é controverso afirmar que a
ciberguerra já começou, mas é notória a atual tensão internacional nomeadamente
entre os EUA e a Rússia.
This dissertation aims to be a reflection on ethical limitations in the possible compromise of human rights for the sake of national security, contributing to the awareness of the main issues involved, clarifying concepts and revealing differences and similarities regarding values, guidelines and practices of cyberwar, cyberstrategies and cyberethics in three geographical areas (United States of America, Russia and Portugal) through a comparative methodology. For this, a research was carried out to understand which characteristics distinguish cyberwar from traditional conflict and on how ethics can impose restrictions on strategies and actions of the states. Declared as an human right, privacy is the discretion of personal information and, in a digital world overmined by mass surveillance devices, occupies a prominent relevance in this investigation for being an ongoing matter. The following characteristics were identified: increasing economic dependence on information systems; the private sector of critical infrastructure as the primary target of attacks; the extension of information security incidents to individuals; the emergence of new forms of attack and strategies with new types of weapons; the increased use of hackers, ethical and unethical, to serve the public and private sector; and the absence of national normative documents that define ethical limits in the treatment of civil information. It was also noted that no state has declared cyberwar to another and for that reason it is controversial to say that cyberwar has already begun, but is notorious the current international tension, specially between the US and Russia.
This dissertation aims to be a reflection on ethical limitations in the possible compromise of human rights for the sake of national security, contributing to the awareness of the main issues involved, clarifying concepts and revealing differences and similarities regarding values, guidelines and practices of cyberwar, cyberstrategies and cyberethics in three geographical areas (United States of America, Russia and Portugal) through a comparative methodology. For this, a research was carried out to understand which characteristics distinguish cyberwar from traditional conflict and on how ethics can impose restrictions on strategies and actions of the states. Declared as an human right, privacy is the discretion of personal information and, in a digital world overmined by mass surveillance devices, occupies a prominent relevance in this investigation for being an ongoing matter. The following characteristics were identified: increasing economic dependence on information systems; the private sector of critical infrastructure as the primary target of attacks; the extension of information security incidents to individuals; the emergence of new forms of attack and strategies with new types of weapons; the increased use of hackers, ethical and unethical, to serve the public and private sector; and the absence of national normative documents that define ethical limits in the treatment of civil information. It was also noted that no state has declared cyberwar to another and for that reason it is controversial to say that cyberwar has already begun, but is notorious the current international tension, specially between the US and Russia.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Ciberestratégias Estados Unidos da América Rússia Portugal Ciberética Privacidade Segurança Nacional Cyberstrategies; Cyberethics Privacy National Security United States of America