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As pedreiras em Portugal na segunda metade do século XIX: Estado, Obras Públicas e Indústria (1850-1890)
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Esta dissertação estuda a Indústria das pedreiras na segunda metade do século XIX, mais concretamente entre 1850, data da promulgação da Carta de Minas, o primeiro grande documento quadro legislativo a enquadrar a indústria extractiva, e 1890, ano em que foram publicados os resultados dos inquéritos industriais. Estes inquéritos foram um marco importante na história oitocentista das pedreiras, uma vez que representam a última grande tentativa do Estado central de conhecer em detalhe o funcionamento do sector na prática até ao século XX. Pelo meio, com especial incidência nas décadas de 70 e 80, assistiu-se à expansão e melhoramento das vias de comunicação um pouco por todo o território e ao crescimento significativo do sector da construção civil nos polos industriais emergentes de Lisboa e Porto. A dissertação questiona em que medida a indústria da extracção da pedra impulsionou e foi impulsionada pelo inegável progresso material do país durante a segunda metade do século XIX, analisando para tal a legislação e políticas públicas referentes ao sector, bem como a acção reguladora do Estado. Além do enquadramento legal, será também feito um retracto da evolução do sector entre 1870 e 1890, identificando conjunturas de crescimento e estagnação, bem como abordado o quadro humano associado à sua exploração.
Apesar de algo negligenciado pela historiografia, consideramos que a indústria das pedreiras teve um papel importante no desenvolvimento económico do país na segunda metade do século XIX. Permitiu a substituição de importações de matérias-primas de construção e dotou o país de recursos chaves para construir caminhos-de-ferro, estradas, portos, bem como habitações e infra-estruturas industriais. Por outro lado, criou múltiplos postos de trabalho nas localidades em redor das pedreiras, quer na extracção da pedra propriamente dita, quer em outras actividades complementares, contribuindo assim para dinamizar a economia dessas regiões. Por fim, pela necessidade que o Estado teve deegislar e regular a actividade extractiva, a indústria das pedreiras acabou por estimular a centralização e o reforço da autoridade do Estado ao longo do território.
This dissertation tackles the Portuguese quarrying industry during the second half of the 19th century, from 1850’s Carta de Mina, the country’s first legal document to provide a legal framework to the quarrying sector, up to 1890, when the state commissioned industrial inquiries were published. These inquiries were a milestone for this industrial sector during the 19th century, since they represented the State’s last attempt to get acquainted with the functioning of this sector, before the 20th century. In the course of this period, especially during the 1870s and 1880s, the country experienced an increase and an improvement of the means of communication, such as railroads, ports and roads, throughout its territory, as well as a significant growth of the civil construction sector in the emerging industrial centers of Lisbon and Porto. This dissertation questions the extent to which the stone extraction industry contributed and was influenced by the undeniable progress of the country during the second half of the nineteenth century, by analysing the legal framework and public policies related to the sector, as well as the regulatory role of the State. In addition, this dissertation also analyses the evolution of the sector between 1870 and 1890, identifying growth and stagnation conjunctures, as well as addressing the human framework as the labour framework associated with its exploitation. Despite being somewhat neglected by historiography, we consider that the quarrying industry played a key role in the economic development of the country in the second half of the nineteenth century. It allowed for the replacement of imported construction raw materials and provided the country with key resources to build railways, roads, ports, as well as housing and industrial infrastructures. On the other hand, this industry allowed for the creation of many labour opportunities in the municipalities surrounding the quarries, both in the extraction of the stone itself and in other complementary activities, thus helping to stimulate the economy of these regions. Finally, due to the necessity for the State to legislate and regulate the extractive activities, the quarrying industry stimulated the centralization and the reinforcement of the State´s authority in general, throughout the territory.
This dissertation tackles the Portuguese quarrying industry during the second half of the 19th century, from 1850’s Carta de Mina, the country’s first legal document to provide a legal framework to the quarrying sector, up to 1890, when the state commissioned industrial inquiries were published. These inquiries were a milestone for this industrial sector during the 19th century, since they represented the State’s last attempt to get acquainted with the functioning of this sector, before the 20th century. In the course of this period, especially during the 1870s and 1880s, the country experienced an increase and an improvement of the means of communication, such as railroads, ports and roads, throughout its territory, as well as a significant growth of the civil construction sector in the emerging industrial centers of Lisbon and Porto. This dissertation questions the extent to which the stone extraction industry contributed and was influenced by the undeniable progress of the country during the second half of the nineteenth century, by analysing the legal framework and public policies related to the sector, as well as the regulatory role of the State. In addition, this dissertation also analyses the evolution of the sector between 1870 and 1890, identifying growth and stagnation conjunctures, as well as addressing the human framework as the labour framework associated with its exploitation. Despite being somewhat neglected by historiography, we consider that the quarrying industry played a key role in the economic development of the country in the second half of the nineteenth century. It allowed for the replacement of imported construction raw materials and provided the country with key resources to build railways, roads, ports, as well as housing and industrial infrastructures. On the other hand, this industry allowed for the creation of many labour opportunities in the municipalities surrounding the quarries, both in the extraction of the stone itself and in other complementary activities, thus helping to stimulate the economy of these regions. Finally, due to the necessity for the State to legislate and regulate the extractive activities, the quarrying industry stimulated the centralization and the reinforcement of the State´s authority in general, throughout the territory.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Pedreiras Estado Obras Públicas Indústria Quarries, Industry State Public Works