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A imprensa portuguesa e a integração europeia de Portugal: como evoluiu a relação entre o poder político e os jornalistas no âmbito dos assuntos europeus, desde a adesão à CEE aos anos da troika? A perspetiva dos jornalistas portugueses
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
É possível uma democracia sem imprensa livre? A história ensina-nos que os
jornais têm tido um papel definidor em momentos críticos para os sistemas democráticos,
chamando os atores políticos à responsabilidade perante os cidadãos que neles votam.
Mas há perguntas sem respostas claras. Que papel concreto tem a imprensa num sistema
democrático? Que lugar ocupou (e vai ocupando) na integração europeia de Portugal?
Muitas questões, para as quais os estudos de comunicação e os estudos políticos vão
procurando respostas, contribuíram para o lançamento da presente dissertação, que se
propõe tentar entender como evoluiu a relação entre o poder político e os jornalistas
portugueses no âmbito dos assuntos europeus, desde que o país se juntou à CEE até aos
dias de hoje, marcados pela euro-crise.
O argumento aqui apresentado e desenvolvido é que esta relação evoluiu num
sentido positivo. Por um lado, os jornalistas estão hoje mais bem preparados do que
quando Portugal entrou na CEE para cobrir os assuntos europeus e para estabelecerem
relações com os atores políticos que lhes permitam fazer um escrutínio mais eficaz. Por
outro lado, também a esfera política melhorou as suas políticas de transparência, abrindose
mais ao escrutínio mediático. A proposta é sustentada num modelo de análise da
relação entre os media e a esfera política que vai buscar inspirações a trabalhos recentes
dos estudos políticos e dos estudos dos media. Analisam-se a especialização,
profissionalização e recursos dos media; as práticas democráticas e de transparência da
esfera política, e a opinião pública portuguesa face à União Europeia, para concluir que a
vi
evolução do estado das coisas nestes três fatores conduziu a uma evolução muito concreta
da relação entre as duas esferas.
O original deste trabalho assenta, essencialmente, na recolha dos testemunhos, na
sua maioria inéditos, de vários dos protagonistas da cobertura mediática da integração
europeia de Portugal. São jornalistas ou profissionais da comunicação social que, em
várias fases da história contemporânea de Portugal (para o trabalho foram escolhidos três
momentos: o processo de adesão à CEE, a negociação da moeda única e os anos da troika),
se dedicaram ou dedicam a acompanhar nos meios de comunicação social a dimensão
comunitária de Portugal. Por registar histórias e memórias de várias gerações de
jornalistas ligados aos assuntos europeus, a dissertação apresenta-se também como um
contributo para a historiografia contemporânea de Portugal, podendo os testemunhos
apresentados nas próximas páginas estimular o estudo de outras dimensões da história
comunitária do país.
Is democracy possible without free press? History teaches us that newspapers have played a defining role at critical moments for democratic systems, holding political actors accountable before the citizens who voted for them. But there are questions without clear answers. What is the concrete role of the press in a democratic system? What was (and is) its place in the process of the European integration of Portugal? Many questions, to which media and political studies are seeking answers, have contributed to launch this dissertation, which proposes to try to understand how the relation between political power and Portuguese journalists has developed regarding European affairs, since the country has joined the EEC to this day, marked by the Euro-crisis. The argument presented and developed in this dissertation is that this relationship has evolved in a positive direction. One the one hand, journalists today are better prepared to cover European affairs and to establish relations with political actors that enables them to conduct more effective scrutiny than they were when Portugal joined the EEC. On the other hand, the political sphere has also improved its transparency policies, becoming more opened to media scrutiny. The proposal is based on a model of analysis of the mediapolitical sphere relationship which draws inspiration from recent works both in the political studies and in the media studies. We analyze the specialization, professionalism and resources of the media; the democratic practices and transparency policies of the political sphere, and the Portuguese public opinion towards the EU, to conclude that the viii evolution of the state of affairs in these three factors led to a very concrete evolution of the relationship between the two spheres. The original part of this work is based essentially on the collection of testimonies, mostly unpublished, of several people that had a central role in the coverage done by Portuguese media of the European integration of the country. They are journalists or media professionals who, at various stages in the contemporary history of Portugal (for the work, three moments were chosen: joining the EEC, negotiating the single currency and the troika years), dedicated, or dedicate, themselves to the media coverage of the European face of Portugal. Because it is an archive of stories and memoirs of different generations of Portuguese journalists linked to European affairs, this dissertation is also a contribution to the contemporary historiography of Portugal, and the testimonies presented in the next pages can stimulate the study of other dimensions of the European history of the country.
Is democracy possible without free press? History teaches us that newspapers have played a defining role at critical moments for democratic systems, holding political actors accountable before the citizens who voted for them. But there are questions without clear answers. What is the concrete role of the press in a democratic system? What was (and is) its place in the process of the European integration of Portugal? Many questions, to which media and political studies are seeking answers, have contributed to launch this dissertation, which proposes to try to understand how the relation between political power and Portuguese journalists has developed regarding European affairs, since the country has joined the EEC to this day, marked by the Euro-crisis. The argument presented and developed in this dissertation is that this relationship has evolved in a positive direction. One the one hand, journalists today are better prepared to cover European affairs and to establish relations with political actors that enables them to conduct more effective scrutiny than they were when Portugal joined the EEC. On the other hand, the political sphere has also improved its transparency policies, becoming more opened to media scrutiny. The proposal is based on a model of analysis of the mediapolitical sphere relationship which draws inspiration from recent works both in the political studies and in the media studies. We analyze the specialization, professionalism and resources of the media; the democratic practices and transparency policies of the political sphere, and the Portuguese public opinion towards the EU, to conclude that the viii evolution of the state of affairs in these three factors led to a very concrete evolution of the relationship between the two spheres. The original part of this work is based essentially on the collection of testimonies, mostly unpublished, of several people that had a central role in the coverage done by Portuguese media of the European integration of the country. They are journalists or media professionals who, at various stages in the contemporary history of Portugal (for the work, three moments were chosen: joining the EEC, negotiating the single currency and the troika years), dedicated, or dedicate, themselves to the media coverage of the European face of Portugal. Because it is an archive of stories and memoirs of different generations of Portuguese journalists linked to European affairs, this dissertation is also a contribution to the contemporary historiography of Portugal, and the testimonies presented in the next pages can stimulate the study of other dimensions of the European history of the country.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
União Europeia Portugal CEE Media Jornalistas Poder político Opinião pública Escrutínio mediático Democracia Integração europeia European Union EEC Journalists Political power Public opinion Media scrutiny Democracy European integration