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A Indonésia e a ASEAN: interesses nacionais e compromissos regionais no período pós-Suharto (1998-2017)
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A Indonésia, o maior e mais influente país do Sudeste Asiático, é considerada
a força motriz da ASEAN e tem historicamente afirmado que esta é a pedra angular da
sua política externa. Com a queda do regime de Suharto (1998), a Indonésia entrou no
período conturbado da reformasi imersa no receio da desintegração nacional e superou-
o, emergindo como uma nação democrática, com um crescimento económico robusto
e com uma renovada ambição de se tornar uma potência regional e, até, internacional.
Na ASEAN, a Indonésia investiu significativo capital diplomático na criação
de uma comunidade de segurança, na adopção da Carta da ASEAN e na promoção da
democracia e dos direitos humanos, demonstrando vontade de liderar a associação.
As orientações políticas e perspectivas estratégicas da Indonésia democrática
encontraram, porém, obstáculos no interior da ASEAN. Enquanto o regime de Suharto
se desintegrava, a ASEAN alargava-se ao Laos, a Myanmar e ao Camboja, tornando-
se mais díspar e menos coesa, politica e economicamente, no plano das relações
internas. As diferenças internas espelharam-se nas relações externas, complexificando
o difícil processo de alinhamento de posições internacionais da ASEAN. Para além de
a democracia e os direitos humanos não terem sido acolhidos como parte integrante da
cultura política, com custos de credibilidade internacional, a visão regional preferida
por Jacarta, num momento de crescente competição de potências externas por influência
na região, em particular os EUA e a China, está ameaçada pelos alinhamentos
políticos dos membros mais recentes da ASEAN. Finalmente, as disputas no Mar do
Sul da China, envolvendo vários membros da ASEAN e sendo susceptível de afectar a
integridade territorial da Indonésia, criam um dilema crítico na região.
Num contexto em que a centralidade da ASEAN na arquitectura regional e a
própria coesão subregional são afetadas por tensões internas e rivalidades externas, as respostas da Indonésia aos seus dilemas estratégicos têm influência crítica na estabilidade
e desenvolvimento do ASEAN. Por meio da investigação, analisaremos a evolução
da política externa da Indonésia e modo como Jacarta articulou os interesses
nacionais com os compromissos com o projecto regional da ASEAN, no período de
1998-2017.
Indonesia, the largest and most influencial country in Southeast Asia, is considered to be the leading force driving the regional project embodied by ASEAN and has historically affirmed that ASEAN it’s the cornerstone of its foreign policy. With the fall of the Suharto regime (1998), Indonesia entered the troubled reformasi period fearing national desintegration and overcame it, emerging as a democratic nation, with robust economical development and a renewed ambition to became a regional, and even international, power. In ASEAN, Indonesia has invested significant amount of diplomatic capital in the creation of a security community, in the adoption of the ASEAN Charter, and in the promotion of democracy and human rights, showing the will to lead the association, politically and economically, in its internal relations. The political approaches and estrategical perspective of the democratic Indonesia found obstacles inside ASEAN. While the Suharto regime was disintegrating, ASEAN was expanding to Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia, becoming more heterogenous and less coherent. The internal differences were reflected on the external relations, complexifying the difficult process of alignment of ASEAN’s external perspec tives. Not only did democracy and human rights failed to take root as part of the regional political culture, with international credibility costs, Jakarta’s preferred regional order, in a period of increasing external competition for influence in the region, especially from the US and China, it threathened by the political alignments of the newest members. Finally, the disputes in the South China Sea, envolving many ASEAN members and possibly affecting Indonesia’s territorial integrity, create a critical regional dilemma. In a context in which ASEAN centrality in the regional architecture and even subregional cohesion is affected by internal tensions and external rivalries, Indonesia’s answers to its strategic dilemmas has critical influence in the stability and development of ASEAN. Through this research, we will analyse the evolution of Indonesia’s foreign policy and how Jakarta articulated its national interests with its regional commitments to ASEAN regional project in the period of 1997-2017.
Indonesia, the largest and most influencial country in Southeast Asia, is considered to be the leading force driving the regional project embodied by ASEAN and has historically affirmed that ASEAN it’s the cornerstone of its foreign policy. With the fall of the Suharto regime (1998), Indonesia entered the troubled reformasi period fearing national desintegration and overcame it, emerging as a democratic nation, with robust economical development and a renewed ambition to became a regional, and even international, power. In ASEAN, Indonesia has invested significant amount of diplomatic capital in the creation of a security community, in the adoption of the ASEAN Charter, and in the promotion of democracy and human rights, showing the will to lead the association, politically and economically, in its internal relations. The political approaches and estrategical perspective of the democratic Indonesia found obstacles inside ASEAN. While the Suharto regime was disintegrating, ASEAN was expanding to Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia, becoming more heterogenous and less coherent. The internal differences were reflected on the external relations, complexifying the difficult process of alignment of ASEAN’s external perspec tives. Not only did democracy and human rights failed to take root as part of the regional political culture, with international credibility costs, Jakarta’s preferred regional order, in a period of increasing external competition for influence in the region, especially from the US and China, it threathened by the political alignments of the newest members. Finally, the disputes in the South China Sea, envolving many ASEAN members and possibly affecting Indonesia’s territorial integrity, create a critical regional dilemma. In a context in which ASEAN centrality in the regional architecture and even subregional cohesion is affected by internal tensions and external rivalries, Indonesia’s answers to its strategic dilemmas has critical influence in the stability and development of ASEAN. Through this research, we will analyse the evolution of Indonesia’s foreign policy and how Jakarta articulated its national interests with its regional commitments to ASEAN regional project in the period of 1997-2017.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Indonésia ASEAN Política Externa Sudeste Asiático Regionalismo Foreign Policy Southeast Asia Regionalism