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Interpretação do Património Urbano: Uma Análise Semiótica a um Sistema Cultural na Cidade de Tomar
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A noção de património cultural tem-se afigurado no século XXI como um eixo relevante de análise e prática social, congregando noções de representação social, memória colectiva, nacionalismo e globalização com questões técnicas de importância histórica e política pública. Não obstante, a indefinição do conceito, e mais concretamente, a falta de uma estrutura analítica que organize como se pensa o património em relação com outros domínios sociais, ameaça a possibilidade de que tais discussões possam ser feitas baseando a compreensão cientificamente. Neste trabalho começamos por defender que essa indefinição analítica está longe de ser específica do património, e é em geral partilhada com o domínio geral da “cultura”, argumentando que o património cultural deverá partilhar pelo menos a estrutura de uma definição de cultura, dadas as suas proximidades. Nesse processo discutimos um conjunto de perspectivas clássicas sobre a cultura, antes de partir para construir uma análise estritamente sistémica da cultura na base de acções e interpretações de significados. Defendemos esta perspectiva mobilizando um caso de estudo na cidade de Tomar, traçando o seu sistema patrimonial como visto pelos habitantes locais, utilizando uma metodologia de recolha baseada na representação visual e interpretação por parte dos próprios intervenientes, e isolando certas componentes do sistema que interessarão, particularmente, para caracterizar o contexto: uma alta autonomia de certas categorias de interpretação, uma entropia moderada indicando algum nível de consenso, e graus de iconização e simbolização substanciais. Estas medidas são analisadas e são traçadas algumas consequências para a descrição do sistema patrimonial na relação com fenómenos de turismo, nacionalismo e representação social. Mais ainda: tentamos complementar esta abordagem utilizando modelação baseada em agentes para abrir caminho à compreensão da dinâmica de categorias significativas, chegando a uma tentativa de descrever a estrutura de grupos sociais, bem como as relações de indivíduos com esses grupos como determinantes para a dinâmica de significados. Concluímos relacionando os vários pontos que discutimos com o contexto empírico e traçando as conclusões preliminares possíveis, nomeadamente notando o papel central dos mecanismos de mediação para a sustentabilidade do sistema cultural, e propondo um novo mecanismo participativo ligado ao turismo e à população local.
The idea of cultural heritage has become in the 21st century a relevant field of social analysis and practice, bringing together notions of social representation, collective memory, nationalism and globalisation, as well as technical issues of historical and political relevance. Nonetheless, the concept remains strongly undefined, and moreso, it lacks an analytical foundation which organises how we think of it in relationship to other social domains, with potential threats to these topics being discussed on purely moral or ethical grounds, without resort to scientific analysis. In this work we begin by defending that this situation is far from specific to heritage, and is in general shared with the much wider domain of “culture”, arguing that heritage can be seen as sharing structure with it. In the process we discuss a series of classical approaches to culture before moving on to develop a systemic analysis of culture that focuses on actions and interpretations. We defend this perspective by developing a case study of the city of Tomar, tracing its heritage system as seen by local inhabitants, using techniques based on visual representation and interpretation by the agents themselves. We seek to obtain the system level components which we are interested in to characterise the context: high autonomy of certain interpretative categories, moderate entropy, indicating some level of consensus, and certain degrees of iconization and symbolisation, amongst other measures. These measures are then analysed in their potential to describe the specific heritage system of Tomar in relation to phenomena such as tourism, nationalism and social representation. Moreover, we attempt to complement this approach by using agent-based modelling in order to understand the conceptual dynamics of heritage categories, reaching a preliminary notion that group structure of users and their patterns of communication can be key in understanding such dynamics. We conclude by relating the former empirical and simulation analysis to the concrete case under study, tracing some preliminary conclusions and limitations, with the idea of mediation standing out as a key mechanism of increasing the sustainability of the cultural system, proposing a new participatory mechanism connecting tourism and local populations.
The idea of cultural heritage has become in the 21st century a relevant field of social analysis and practice, bringing together notions of social representation, collective memory, nationalism and globalisation, as well as technical issues of historical and political relevance. Nonetheless, the concept remains strongly undefined, and moreso, it lacks an analytical foundation which organises how we think of it in relationship to other social domains, with potential threats to these topics being discussed on purely moral or ethical grounds, without resort to scientific analysis. In this work we begin by defending that this situation is far from specific to heritage, and is in general shared with the much wider domain of “culture”, arguing that heritage can be seen as sharing structure with it. In the process we discuss a series of classical approaches to culture before moving on to develop a systemic analysis of culture that focuses on actions and interpretations. We defend this perspective by developing a case study of the city of Tomar, tracing its heritage system as seen by local inhabitants, using techniques based on visual representation and interpretation by the agents themselves. We seek to obtain the system level components which we are interested in to characterise the context: high autonomy of certain interpretative categories, moderate entropy, indicating some level of consensus, and certain degrees of iconization and symbolisation, amongst other measures. These measures are then analysed in their potential to describe the specific heritage system of Tomar in relation to phenomena such as tourism, nationalism and social representation. Moreover, we attempt to complement this approach by using agent-based modelling in order to understand the conceptual dynamics of heritage categories, reaching a preliminary notion that group structure of users and their patterns of communication can be key in understanding such dynamics. We conclude by relating the former empirical and simulation analysis to the concrete case under study, tracing some preliminary conclusions and limitations, with the idea of mediation standing out as a key mechanism of increasing the sustainability of the cultural system, proposing a new participatory mechanism connecting tourism and local populations.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Tomar Património cultural Semiótica Estudos urbanos Simulação de sistemas sociais Cultural heritage Semiotics Urban studies Simulation of social systems