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Imagens e Memórias de uma Guerra Comum: As batalhas de 1383-1385 nas Crónicas de Pero López de Ayala e de Fernão Lopes
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Em 1383, com a morte de Fernando I de Portugal, inicia-se uma intensa disputa pelo governo do reino entre Juan I de Castela e o mestre de Avis. Ao longo deste conflito, que oficialmente perduraria até 1431, os reinos de Portugal e Castela viveram alguns períodos de forte actividade bélica, sobretudo durante a chamada Crise de 1383-1385. Durante este período – no qual se assiste ainda ao cerco de Lisboa, em 1384, e à aclamação do Mestre como João I de Portugal, em 1385 –, ocorrem quatro batalhas campais. Momentos raros nas campanhas militares da Idade Média, mas ideologicamente relevantes e, em muitos momentos, decisivas, as batalhas campais foram sempre de particular interesse e importância para a historiografia medieval.
Terá sido precisamente isso que ocorreu nos finais do século XIV e meados do XV, quando surgem nas cortes castelhana e portuguesa, da autoria de Pero López de Ayala e de Fernão Lopes, duas crónicas que dedicam particular atenção aos confrontos bélicos entre 1383 e 1385. Redigidas dentro das esferas políticas envolvidas na disputa, estes importantes agentes de legitimação não deixariam de estar ambos comprometidos com os objectivos propagandísticos da dinastia que serviam. Realçando o positivo e o negativo de certas figuras e elementos do conflito, as crónicas apresentariam, mais do que eventos factuais, perspectivas mais ou menos verosímeis desses mesmos eventos.
Assim, partindo destas duas crónicas, a presente dissertação pretende examinar duas perspectivas diferentes sobre as batalhas de Atoleiros (Abril de 1384), Trancoso (Maio de 1385), Aljubarrota (Agosto de 1385) e Valverde (Outubro de 1385). Através do estudo comparativo de duas fontes produzidas em campos opostos, procura-se encontrar quais as divergências e convergências na sua narrativa. Mais do que os factos em si, este estudo procura abordar a forma como cada crónica, enquanto registo de um dos lados envolvido nas quatro batalhas, transmite os momentos que as compõem, antecedem e procedem, e, assim, como cada um constrói a sua memória de uma guerra comum.
In 1383, with the death of Fernando I of Portugal, a dramatic dispute for the kingdom’s government began between Juan I of Castile and the master of Avis. Throughout this conflict, which officially lasted until 1431, the kingdoms of Portugal and Castile went through some periods of intense military activity, mainly during the so-called Crisis of 1383-1385. During this period – in which we also witness the siege of Lisbon, in 1384, and the acclamation of the Master as João I of Portugal, in 1385 –, four open field battles occur. Rare moments in the military campaigns of the Middle Ages, but ideologically relevant and often decisive, open field battles have always been of particular interest and importance for medieval historiography. This was precisely what happened at the end of the 14th century and in the middle of the 15th, when two chronicles, by Pero López de Ayala and Fernão Lopes, appear in the Castilian and Portuguese courts, dedicating particular attention to the military confrontations between 1383 and 1385. Written inside the political spheres involved in the dispute, these important agents of legitimation would not fail to be committed with the propagandistic aims of the dynasties they served. Highlighting the positive and negative features of certain characters and elements of the conflict, these chronicles would present, more than factual events, perspectives more or less plausible of those same events. Therefore, based on these two chronicles, this study seeks to examine two different perspectives about the battles of Atoleiros (April 1384), Trancoso (May 1385), Aljubarrota (August 1385), and Valverde (October 1385). Through a comparative study of two sources produced by opposing sides, it searches for divergences and convergences on the narrative of war. More than the events, this study tries to address the way each chronicle, as a registry of one of the parties involved in the four battles, conveys the moments that compose, precede and succeed them, and therefore how each one builds its memory of a common war.
In 1383, with the death of Fernando I of Portugal, a dramatic dispute for the kingdom’s government began between Juan I of Castile and the master of Avis. Throughout this conflict, which officially lasted until 1431, the kingdoms of Portugal and Castile went through some periods of intense military activity, mainly during the so-called Crisis of 1383-1385. During this period – in which we also witness the siege of Lisbon, in 1384, and the acclamation of the Master as João I of Portugal, in 1385 –, four open field battles occur. Rare moments in the military campaigns of the Middle Ages, but ideologically relevant and often decisive, open field battles have always been of particular interest and importance for medieval historiography. This was precisely what happened at the end of the 14th century and in the middle of the 15th, when two chronicles, by Pero López de Ayala and Fernão Lopes, appear in the Castilian and Portuguese courts, dedicating particular attention to the military confrontations between 1383 and 1385. Written inside the political spheres involved in the dispute, these important agents of legitimation would not fail to be committed with the propagandistic aims of the dynasties they served. Highlighting the positive and negative features of certain characters and elements of the conflict, these chronicles would present, more than factual events, perspectives more or less plausible of those same events. Therefore, based on these two chronicles, this study seeks to examine two different perspectives about the battles of Atoleiros (April 1384), Trancoso (May 1385), Aljubarrota (August 1385), and Valverde (October 1385). Through a comparative study of two sources produced by opposing sides, it searches for divergences and convergences on the narrative of war. More than the events, this study tries to address the way each chronicle, as a registry of one of the parties involved in the four battles, conveys the moments that compose, precede and succeed them, and therefore how each one builds its memory of a common war.
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Pero López de Ayala Fernão Lopes Crónicas Guerra Medieval Atoleiros Aljubarrota Trancoso Valverde Chronicles, Medieval War