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A ocorrĂȘncia de incĂȘndios rurais em Portugal tem aumentado de forma persistente
durante as Ășltimas dĂ©cadas. Na gĂ©nese deste aumento encontram-se, entre outros
fenĂłmenos, o progressivo abandono dos campos agrĂcolas e a subsequente invasĂŁo por
matos, bem como a florestação de terrenos anteriormente destinados à agricultura. Na
restante regiĂŁo MediterrĂąnica, o aumento do risco de incĂȘndio tem sido associado,
igualmente, às transformaçÔes no uso do solo verificadas durante a segunda metade do
século XX. Neste contexto, o estudo dos padrÔes de selecção do fogo, a uma escala local, e
os padrĂ”es de incidĂȘncia, a uma escala regional, permite estabelecer relaçÔes entre os
processos referidos e o comportamento do fogo, contribuindo deste modo para a definição
de boas prĂĄticas para a redução do risco de incĂȘndio Ă escala da paisagem. Recentemente,
vĂĄrios trabalhos estudaram a influĂȘncia da topografia e do uso do solo na ocorrĂȘncia do
fogo (e.g. Cumming 2000; Moreira et al. 2001, 2009; Nunes et al. 2005; Mermoz et al. 2005;
Bajocco et al. 2007).
No presente estudo Ă© desenvolvida uma metodologia simples, que permite
determinar padrĂ”es de preferĂȘncia do fogo em relação ao uso do solo e a factores
topogråficos (declive, exposição solar e altitude), requerendo para tal um modelo digital de
terreno e cartografia de ĂĄreas ardidas e de uso do solo. A ĂĄrea de estudo ocupa cerca de 557
km2 no norte de Portugal, compreendendo trĂȘs regiĂ”es naturais da Carta EcolĂłgica de
Albuquerque (1985): Noroeste Cismontano, Alto Portugal e Nordeste Transmontano.
Os resultados mostram que o percurso do fogo desenha uma preferĂȘncia em
relação às diferentes classes de uso do solo, declive, exposição solar e altitude. O mosaico
de combustĂvel constitui o factor determinante, secundado pelo declive, verificando-se uma
preferĂȘncia persistente do fogo por matos e declives acentuados. Pelo contrĂĄrio, os espaços
agro-florestais sĂŁo evitados pelo fogo, contribuindo para a redução do risco de incĂȘndio na
paisagem. O declive tem uma influĂȘncia directa na propagação do fogo, que deriva
fundamentalmente da geometria que a frente de fogo estabelece com o terreno, mas
também pelo facto dos matos ocorrerem sobretudo nos declives acentuados. De modo
global, os resultados destacam a gestĂŁo da paisagem como ponto chave no controlo do
risco de incĂȘndio.
Wildfire occurrence in Portugal has risen in the last few decades: the progressive agricultural abandonment with the following shrub encroachment and the afforestation promotion are the principal causes for such increase, as both processes cause fuel accumulation in the landscape. In further Mediterranean regions fire-risk increase has also been connected with land use changes that have been taking place since the mid 20th century. Within this hypothesis the evaluation of local fire selection patterns and regional fire occurrence patterns establishes relations between landscape and fire behavior, required to understand processes before mentioned. This knowledge should contribute to the best landscape management options for wildfire hazard reduction. Recent articles present studies on land use and topography influence on wildfires occurrence (e.g. Cumming 2000; Moreira et al. 2001, 2009; Nunes et al. 2005; Mermoz et al. 2005; Bajocco et al. 2007). In this work, a simple methodology is developed to find patterns of fire preference regarding land use and topography categories (slope, aspect and elevation). This requires a digital terrain model and land use and burned area maps. The study area is located in nothern Portugal, 557 km2 wide, and covers three natural regions (Carta EcolĂłgica de Albuquerque, 1985): Noroeste Cismontano, Alto Portugal and Nordeste Transmontano. The results show that the fire spread draws a preference regarding different land use, slope, aspect and elevation types. The vegetation mosaic being the main influence, followed by slope, with a strong fire preference for shrubland and steep slopes. In contrast, fire avoids agro-forestry areas, which contribute to fire risk reduction at landscape level. Slope has a direct influence on fire spread as a consequence of the geometrical relation among fire line and terrain, but also because of the strong overlap between shrubland and steep slopes. Globally the results point landscape management as keynote on fire hazard control.
Wildfire occurrence in Portugal has risen in the last few decades: the progressive agricultural abandonment with the following shrub encroachment and the afforestation promotion are the principal causes for such increase, as both processes cause fuel accumulation in the landscape. In further Mediterranean regions fire-risk increase has also been connected with land use changes that have been taking place since the mid 20th century. Within this hypothesis the evaluation of local fire selection patterns and regional fire occurrence patterns establishes relations between landscape and fire behavior, required to understand processes before mentioned. This knowledge should contribute to the best landscape management options for wildfire hazard reduction. Recent articles present studies on land use and topography influence on wildfires occurrence (e.g. Cumming 2000; Moreira et al. 2001, 2009; Nunes et al. 2005; Mermoz et al. 2005; Bajocco et al. 2007). In this work, a simple methodology is developed to find patterns of fire preference regarding land use and topography categories (slope, aspect and elevation). This requires a digital terrain model and land use and burned area maps. The study area is located in nothern Portugal, 557 km2 wide, and covers three natural regions (Carta EcolĂłgica de Albuquerque, 1985): Noroeste Cismontano, Alto Portugal and Nordeste Transmontano. The results show that the fire spread draws a preference regarding different land use, slope, aspect and elevation types. The vegetation mosaic being the main influence, followed by slope, with a strong fire preference for shrubland and steep slopes. In contrast, fire avoids agro-forestry areas, which contribute to fire risk reduction at landscape level. Slope has a direct influence on fire spread as a consequence of the geometrical relation among fire line and terrain, but also because of the strong overlap between shrubland and steep slopes. Globally the results point landscape management as keynote on fire hazard control.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
IncĂȘndios rurais PadrĂ”es de selecção Uso do solo Topografia GestĂŁo da paisagem MediterrĂąneo Wildfire Selection patterns Land use Topography Landscape management Mediterranean
