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A arte das mãos - cirurgia e cirurgiões em Portugal durante os séculos XII a XV
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Este trabalho constitui um estudo sobre os cirurgiões medievais portugueses como um grupo social e como profissionais, num período compreendido entre o início da nacionalidade e o final do século XV. Avaliam-se as doenças e traumatismos relacionados com a prática da cirurgia, a legislação vigente, a inclusão na sociedade circundante, as relações familiares, a prática de actos profissionais, a distribuição geográfica pelo território nacional, o grupo socio-religioso em que estavam incluídos e a instrução que detinham. Como actividade complementar, procede-se à publicação de algumas leis e apresentam-se fichas prosopográficas dos cirurgiões estudados.
Conclui-se que a legislação portuguesa foi precoce, abrangente quanto a credo e género, simultânea e semelhante com a dos físicos; a prática da cirurgia estava sujeita a juramento ético e a autorização régia; o número de cirurgiões aumentou durante toda a Idade Média portuguesa; existiu uma ligação profíqua com a corte e a aristocracia, mas não com o clero; muitos dos profissionais foram em simultâneo médicos e a inclusão profissional com o grupo dos barbeiros foi raríssima; possuíam residência estável, preferencialmente em meio urbano; detiveram relações familiares algo frequentes com indivíduos da mesma profissão; cerca de metade eram judeus; e muitos pertenceram ao grupo dos letrados.
This work’s aim is the study of the Portuguese medieval surgeons as a social group and as professionals, in a period between the beginning of nationality and the end of the fifteenth century. It appraises diseases and injuries related to the practice of surgery, the legislation connected with surgeons, their inclusion in the surrounding society, family relations, the practice of professional acts, the geographic distribution throughout the national territory, the socio-religious group in which they were included and the instruction they had. As a complementary activity, some laws are published and prosopographic files of the studied surgeons are presented. It is concluded that the Portuguese legislation was precocious, comprised people of different faith and gender, simultaneous and similar to the physician's; the practice of surgery was subject to ethical oath and royal authorization; the number of surgeons increased throughout the Portuguese Middle Ages; there was a proficuous connection with the court and the aristocracy, but not with the clergy; many of the professionals were simultaneously physicians and the professional inclusion with the group of barbers was very rare; they had a stable residence, preferably in urban areas; they had very frequent family relations with individuals of the same profession; about half were Jews; and many belonged to the group of the literate men.
This work’s aim is the study of the Portuguese medieval surgeons as a social group and as professionals, in a period between the beginning of nationality and the end of the fifteenth century. It appraises diseases and injuries related to the practice of surgery, the legislation connected with surgeons, their inclusion in the surrounding society, family relations, the practice of professional acts, the geographic distribution throughout the national territory, the socio-religious group in which they were included and the instruction they had. As a complementary activity, some laws are published and prosopographic files of the studied surgeons are presented. It is concluded that the Portuguese legislation was precocious, comprised people of different faith and gender, simultaneous and similar to the physician's; the practice of surgery was subject to ethical oath and royal authorization; the number of surgeons increased throughout the Portuguese Middle Ages; there was a proficuous connection with the court and the aristocracy, but not with the clergy; many of the professionals were simultaneously physicians and the professional inclusion with the group of barbers was very rare; they had a stable residence, preferably in urban areas; they had very frequent family relations with individuals of the same profession; about half were Jews; and many belonged to the group of the literate men.
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Portugal Cirurgia Cirurgiões Idade Média História da medicina Middle ages Surgeons Surgery History of medicine