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Trovadores de Deus ou servos de Roma... D. Fr. Bernardino Della Chiesa e Fr. Jaime Tarín - a intuição franciscana na China ao tempo do Patriarca de Antioquia
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Ao tempo da expansão portuguesa, no término de Seiscentos e início de Setecentos, os
missionários estabelecidos na China estiveram envolvidos em inúmeras controvérsias que
abarcaram os missionários da Companhia de Jesus, associados ao Padroado de Portugal e
missionários de outras Ordens Religiosas, como os Frades Menores (Franciscanos), que
chegaram à China desde a província de S. Gregório Magno das Filipinas, tutelada pelo
Patronato de Espanha, ou enquanto enviados da Congregação de Propaganda Fide,
organismo promovido em 1622 pelo Sumo Pontífice que abriu uma nova dinâmica na
dimensão religiosa associada à expansão. A falta de entendimento do «outro» contribuiu
para que alguns missionários transportassem para a Igreja de Roma uma imagem da China
e dos missionários que lá laboravam distante daquela prevista pelo olhar europeu. Nesta
conjuntura, o Sumo Pontífice enviou para o Império do Meio os “seus olhos” através de
um legado a latere – Charles Maillard de Tournon, Patriarca de Antioquia, que chegou ao
território depois dos primeiros anos de Setecentos. Este legado promoveu a ira do
Imperador da China que até então revelava respeito pelos europeus, particularmente os
missionários da Companhia de Jesus, que deleitavam a corte com os seus conhecimentos.
Perante a acção de Tournon, manifestamente contrária à aceitação das tradições locais
entre os convertidos ao Cristianismo, o Imperador Kangxi publicou um documento onde
expunha as condições para os missionários continuarem no território. Neste contexto
procuraram-se os dias nas cartas de dois Frades Menores, em particular nas palavras
versadas sobre esse momento em que foram confrontados com a eminente perda da
missão, sendo obrigados a assumir o modelo que seguiam para a propagação do
Evangelho: a obediência incondicional a Roma (contrária à aceitação das tradições
sínicas) ou o comprometimento com o método missionário atribuído aos missionários da
Companhia de Jesus. Entre a intuição e a instituição, Fr. Bernardino della Chiesa e Fr.
Jaime Tarín expõe os conflitos de quem abraçou a herança de S. Francisco de Assis mas
jurou fidelidade a uma Igreja vincadamente eurocêntrica.
Along the Portuguese overseas expansion, by the end of the 17th century and beginning of the 18th century, the missionaries established in China were involved in countless controversies that involved the missionaries of the Company of Jesus, associated with the Portuguese Padroado (Portuguese Patronage of the East) and also missionaries from other Religious Orders, such as the Friars Minor (Franciscans), mainly. These arrived in China coming from the province of S. Gregorio Magno of the Philipines, which was headed by the Spain Patronage (Patronato de Manila), or as sent by the Propaganda Fide, organization promoted in 1622 by the Roman Pope who opened a new dynamic in the religious dimensions overseas. The lack of understanding of the “other” contributed to engagement of some missionaries in the transport to the Church of Rome, of a figure of China and its labourers, very distant from what was expected by the European vision. In this setting, the Pope sent to the Middle Empire “his eyes” through a legate a latere – Charles Maillard de Tournon, Patriarchy of Antioquia, who arrived in the territory after the first years of the 18th century. This legate promoted the anger of the Emperor of China, who had until then shown respect for the European, particularly for the Jesuits, who captivated them with their knowledge. Facing Tournon’s actions, clearly contrary to the acceptance of the local traditions among the Christianity converted, Kangxi Emperor published a document where he exposed the conditions set for the missionaries to remain in the territory. In this context days were sought put in the letters of two Friars Minor, particularly in the text about the moment in which they were confronted with the imminent loss of their mission, being forced to assume the model set out to the propaganda of the Catholic preaching: unconditional obedience to Rome (contrary to the acceptance of the Chinese traditions) or the commitment to the missionary method attributed to the missionaries of the Company of Jesus. Between intuition and institution, the Franciscans Fr. Bernardino della Chiesa and Fr. Jaime Tarín expose the conflicts of who embraced the inheritance of S. Francis of Assis but sworn faithfulness to a highly Eurocentric Church
Along the Portuguese overseas expansion, by the end of the 17th century and beginning of the 18th century, the missionaries established in China were involved in countless controversies that involved the missionaries of the Company of Jesus, associated with the Portuguese Padroado (Portuguese Patronage of the East) and also missionaries from other Religious Orders, such as the Friars Minor (Franciscans), mainly. These arrived in China coming from the province of S. Gregorio Magno of the Philipines, which was headed by the Spain Patronage (Patronato de Manila), or as sent by the Propaganda Fide, organization promoted in 1622 by the Roman Pope who opened a new dynamic in the religious dimensions overseas. The lack of understanding of the “other” contributed to engagement of some missionaries in the transport to the Church of Rome, of a figure of China and its labourers, very distant from what was expected by the European vision. In this setting, the Pope sent to the Middle Empire “his eyes” through a legate a latere – Charles Maillard de Tournon, Patriarchy of Antioquia, who arrived in the territory after the first years of the 18th century. This legate promoted the anger of the Emperor of China, who had until then shown respect for the European, particularly for the Jesuits, who captivated them with their knowledge. Facing Tournon’s actions, clearly contrary to the acceptance of the local traditions among the Christianity converted, Kangxi Emperor published a document where he exposed the conditions set for the missionaries to remain in the territory. In this context days were sought put in the letters of two Friars Minor, particularly in the text about the moment in which they were confronted with the imminent loss of their mission, being forced to assume the model set out to the propaganda of the Catholic preaching: unconditional obedience to Rome (contrary to the acceptance of the Chinese traditions) or the commitment to the missionary method attributed to the missionaries of the Company of Jesus. Between intuition and institution, the Franciscans Fr. Bernardino della Chiesa and Fr. Jaime Tarín expose the conflicts of who embraced the inheritance of S. Francis of Assis but sworn faithfulness to a highly Eurocentric Church
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Franciscanos Kangxi Jaime Tarín China Bernardino della Chiesa Instituição Intuição Acomodação Franciscans Institution Intuition Accommodation