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A geografia da nutrição. A utilização dos sistemas de informação geográfica para uma análise a equipamentos escolares
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Os maus hábitos alimentares e a fraca atividade física são dois fatores principais ao
aparecimento de doenças como a obesidade ou doenças cardiovasculares. A obesidade
infantil é considerada um dos principais desafios da saúde pública do século XXI, pela
Organização Mundial de Saúde. Dados recentes da OCDE relatam que em Portugal a
percentagem de crianças em excesso de peso e obesidade era de 25% para rapazes e 31%
para raparigas, sendo um dos cinco países da Europa com maior prevalência de obesidade
infantil. Grande parte do dia das crianças e jovens adolescentes é passado nas escolas, ou
seja, a maioria das refeições é feita durante o período escolar, por isso os ambientes
alimentares e a disponibilidade de estabelecimentos de restauração à envolvente escolar
podem ser fatores que influenciam a qualidade nutricional e o desempenho escolar dos
jovens. O objetivo principal deste projeto incide-se na análise da relação entre hábitos
alimentares, a proximidade a diferentes estabelecimentos de restauração (inseridos num
perímetro de proximidade de equipamentos escolares) e o rendimento escolar atingido
pelos alunos. Foram analisadas quatro escolas de domínio público e privado, inseridas no
concelho de Lisboa, e um total de 613 alunos. Foi aplicado um inquérito por questionário
aos alunos, de forma a obter dados relativos aos hábitos alimentares, dados espaciais e
socioeconómicos, e informação sobre a atividade física. Foi efetuada uma análise estatística
descritiva e pesquisaram-se correlações entre as várias variáveis com o auxílio do software
SPSS Statistics. Foram também efetuadas algumas operações de análise espacial, como
cálculo de densidade de pontos e cálculo de distâncias, com o auxílio das ferramentas
Spatial Analyst e Network Analyst no software ArcGIS (ESRI). Numa amostra de 613 alunos
observou-se que 31% afirma sair da escola para utilizar estabelecimentos de restauração,
dos que utilizam, 75,8% afirma consumir doces, produtos de pastelaria e bebidas
açucaradas como primeira opção. A qualidade nutricional dos alunos é apresentada pela
classificação do IMC, verificando-se que 80,9% dos alunos estão inseridos na classe de
eutrofia e aproximadamente 17% apresentam excesso de peso ou obesidade. O colégio
Pedro Arrupe apresenta a maior percentagem de alunos obesos (6,6%) e a escola Vasco da
Gama apresenta o menor número de alunos obesos (2,1%). Conclui-se que não existe uma
relação direta entre a utilização de estabelecimentos de restauração e a qualidade
nutricional, os valores de classe de IMC são semelhantes tanto para quem efetua refeições
fora da escola, como para quem efetua refeições dentro da escola. Verificou-se ainda que
a disponibilidade de estabelecimentos e a distância não vão influenciar diretamente a
qualidade nutricional dos alunos, ou seja o facto de existirem mais estabelecimentos ou de
estarem mais próximos de uma escola pode não traduzir num aumento na percentagem de
alunos obesos ou com excesso de peso. Por fim observou-se que a qualidade nutricional,
para esta amostra, não parece influenciar o rendimento escolar, existe alguma diferença
nas médias finais entre os alunos que utilizam estabelecimentos de restauração e os que
não utilizam, ainda assim essa associação não mostrou ser significativa.
Bad eating habits and poor physical activity are two main factors to the onset of diseases such as obesity or cardiovascular disease. Childhood obesity is considered a major public health challenge in the twenty-first century, by the World Health Organization. Recent data from the OECD reports that in Portugal the percentage of overweight and obese children was 25% for boys and 31% for girls, being one of the five European countries with the highest prevalence of childhood obesity. Much of the day of children and young adolescents is spent in schools, meaning that most meals are done during school hours, so the food environment and the availability of food outlets around the school area may be factors that influence the nutritional quality and school performance of children. The main objective of this project focuses on the analysis of the relationship between eating habits, proximity to different food outlets (inserted in a close perimeter of schools) and academic performance achieved by the pupils. Four schools in the public and private sector were analyzed, inserted in the municipality of Lisbon, and a total of 613 students. A questionnaire was administered to the students in order to obtain data on dietary, spatial and socio-economic information, and physical activity information. A descriptive statistical analysis and correlations between different variables with the SPSS Statistics software was made. Spatial analysis operations, such as point density calculation and distance calculation, was performed, with the aid of Spatial Analyst and Network Analyst tools, in ArcGIS software (ESRI). In a sample of 613 students 31% said to leave school in order to use food outlets, 75.8% of those students affirmed they eat sweets, pastries and sugary drinks as a first option. The nutritional quality of students is presented by the BMI classification, it was observed that 80.9% of students were included in the normal weight class and approximately 17% were overweight or obese. Pedro Arrupe college has the highest percentage of obese students (6.6%) and Vasco da Gama school has the lowest number of obese students (2.1%). It is concluded that there is no direct link between the use of food outlets and nutritional quality, BMI class values are similar for both who take their meals outside of school, as to those who takes their meals within the school grounds. It was also found that the availability of food outlets and the distance, will not directly influence the nutritional quality of students, the fact that there are more outlets or are closer to a school may not translate to an increase in the percentage of obese students or excess weight. Finally it was noted that the academic performance, for this sample, doesn’t seem to influence the nutritional quality, there are differences in the average evaluation among students using food outlets and those who do not use, yet this relationship was not significant.
Bad eating habits and poor physical activity are two main factors to the onset of diseases such as obesity or cardiovascular disease. Childhood obesity is considered a major public health challenge in the twenty-first century, by the World Health Organization. Recent data from the OECD reports that in Portugal the percentage of overweight and obese children was 25% for boys and 31% for girls, being one of the five European countries with the highest prevalence of childhood obesity. Much of the day of children and young adolescents is spent in schools, meaning that most meals are done during school hours, so the food environment and the availability of food outlets around the school area may be factors that influence the nutritional quality and school performance of children. The main objective of this project focuses on the analysis of the relationship between eating habits, proximity to different food outlets (inserted in a close perimeter of schools) and academic performance achieved by the pupils. Four schools in the public and private sector were analyzed, inserted in the municipality of Lisbon, and a total of 613 students. A questionnaire was administered to the students in order to obtain data on dietary, spatial and socio-economic information, and physical activity information. A descriptive statistical analysis and correlations between different variables with the SPSS Statistics software was made. Spatial analysis operations, such as point density calculation and distance calculation, was performed, with the aid of Spatial Analyst and Network Analyst tools, in ArcGIS software (ESRI). In a sample of 613 students 31% said to leave school in order to use food outlets, 75.8% of those students affirmed they eat sweets, pastries and sugary drinks as a first option. The nutritional quality of students is presented by the BMI classification, it was observed that 80.9% of students were included in the normal weight class and approximately 17% were overweight or obese. Pedro Arrupe college has the highest percentage of obese students (6.6%) and Vasco da Gama school has the lowest number of obese students (2.1%). It is concluded that there is no direct link between the use of food outlets and nutritional quality, BMI class values are similar for both who take their meals outside of school, as to those who takes their meals within the school grounds. It was also found that the availability of food outlets and the distance, will not directly influence the nutritional quality of students, the fact that there are more outlets or are closer to a school may not translate to an increase in the percentage of obese students or excess weight. Finally it was noted that the academic performance, for this sample, doesn’t seem to influence the nutritional quality, there are differences in the average evaluation among students using food outlets and those who do not use, yet this relationship was not significant.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Sistemas de informação geográfica Nutrição SIG Mobilidade Análise Espacial Nutrition Mobility GIS Spatial Analysis Schools Food Outlets