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A aristocracia de serviço e a Intelligentsia de oposição na Rússia Imperial (1815-1914)
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Resumo(s)
De que forma as relações entre a aristocracia e a intelligentsia e as suas reacções
face ao processo de modernização, no contexto de um Estado czarista autocrático,
contribuíram para o declínio do império russo? Esta dissertação visa compreender de que
forma as acções da aristocracia influenciaram as da intelligentsia, e vice-versa, durante
as transformações políticas e sociais do processo de modernização do império. A análise
das respostas e contra-respostas da elite política tradicional (a aristocracia) e dos grupos
de oposição (que compunham várias facções da intelligentsia) ao processo de
modernização evidencia diferentes contributos para a atenuação ou acentuação da
Autocracia do Estado czarista e, consequentemente, para o declínio imperial. Esta
dissertação foca, por isso, os momentos de mudança cruciais no império e os valores
políticos, sociais e culturais da aristocracia, tentando compreender até que ponto estes
eram partilhados pela intelligentsia.
No contexto desta análise, atentamos às fontes literárias, extraindo informação
quanto aos valores sociais e culturais (de cariz predominantemente aristocrático),
relevantes para completar a interpretação e descrição das atitudes políticas dos grupos em
estudo. A literatura especializada enfatiza a heterogeneidade do poder da aristocracia
russa, bem como a falta de coesão da oposição da intelligentsia. Não obstante,
defendemos que as reacções de ambos os grupos aos programas de modernização e as
suas interacções durante o período em análise (1815-1914) influenciaram o processo de
declínio imperial.
How did the relationship between the aristocracy and the intelligentsia and their reactions towards the modernization process, in the context of an autocratic and tsarist State, contributed to the decline of the Russian Empire? This dissertation aims to analyze the manner in which aristocracy influenced intelligentsia’s actions, and vice versa, during political and social transformations brought about by the empire’s modernization process. The analysis of various responses by the traditional political élite (aristocracy) and by opposition groups (composing different factions of the intelligentsia) to the modernization process points out distinct contributions to the Autocracy’s mitigation or accentuation in the Tsarist State, and, hence, to the imperial decline. This dissertation focuses on crucial changing moments in the empire, relating them with both shared and exclusive political, social and cultural values of the aristocracy and the intelligentsia. In this analysis’ context, we consider the literary sources as a way to extract further information concerning (predominantly aristocratic) social and cultural values. This additional information is, thus, relevant to complete a certain interpretation and description of these groups’ political attitudes. The specialized literature emphasizes the heterogeneity of the Russian aristocracy’s power, as well as the lack of cohesion of the intelligentsia’s opposition. Nevertheless, we shall defend that these groups’ reactions towards different modernization programmes, and their interactions during the period between 1815 to 1914, influenced the process of imperial decline.
How did the relationship between the aristocracy and the intelligentsia and their reactions towards the modernization process, in the context of an autocratic and tsarist State, contributed to the decline of the Russian Empire? This dissertation aims to analyze the manner in which aristocracy influenced intelligentsia’s actions, and vice versa, during political and social transformations brought about by the empire’s modernization process. The analysis of various responses by the traditional political élite (aristocracy) and by opposition groups (composing different factions of the intelligentsia) to the modernization process points out distinct contributions to the Autocracy’s mitigation or accentuation in the Tsarist State, and, hence, to the imperial decline. This dissertation focuses on crucial changing moments in the empire, relating them with both shared and exclusive political, social and cultural values of the aristocracy and the intelligentsia. In this analysis’ context, we consider the literary sources as a way to extract further information concerning (predominantly aristocratic) social and cultural values. This additional information is, thus, relevant to complete a certain interpretation and description of these groups’ political attitudes. The specialized literature emphasizes the heterogeneity of the Russian aristocracy’s power, as well as the lack of cohesion of the intelligentsia’s opposition. Nevertheless, we shall defend that these groups’ reactions towards different modernization programmes, and their interactions during the period between 1815 to 1914, influenced the process of imperial decline.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Elites Aristocracia Império Rússia Intelligentsia Modernização Declínio imperial Aristocracy empire, Modernization Intelligentsia Imperial decline