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Identificação dos mosquitos vetores de dirofilariose canina em Portugal
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Resumo(s)
A dirofilariose canina é uma doença de transmissão vetorial, provocada por nemátodes do género Dirofilaria. É uma zoonose emergente, que tem vindo a alastrar por toda a Europa, sendo endémica nos países do Mediterrâneo, como Portugal. O tratamento pode envolver complicações de saúde para os cães, levando, por vezes, à sua morte. Desta forma, o controlo da doença passa maioritariamente pela prevenção, como por exemplo, através da aplicação de profilaxia adequada, de forma a diminuir o contato entre mosquitos infetantes e hospedeiros vertebrados não infetados. Uma vez que a transmissão é dependente, não só da presença de um número suficiente de cães
microfilarémicos, mas, também, de mosquitos suscetíveis e de um clima apropriado à incubação extrínseca do parasita no mosquito vetor, esta prevenção deverá ter em conta o período durante o qual ocorre transmissão, numa dada região. Este mesmo período é dependente da(s) espécie(s) de mosquitos vetores, dado que cada uma terá uma
bioecologia e comportamento próprios, que poderão ter reflexos ao nível epidemiológico da doença, devido, por exemplo, à temperatura à qual ocorre o desenvolvimento do parasita. Assim, para avaliar o risco de exposição animal e humana à doença, e, ainda, ajudar a selecionar medidas profiláticas e de controlo apropriadas, é de extrema relevância saber quais os vetores de dirofilariose canina numa determinada região. No que respeita aos vetores desta doença em Portugal, muito poucos estudos têm sido realizados, sendo o objetivo principal deste trabalho identificar os vetores de dirofilariose canina neste país endémico. Para isso, foram efetuadas colheitas de mosquitos em 3 distritos com reconhecida endemicidade para a doença, nomeadamente Coimbra, Santarém e Setúbal, durante dois anos. Estes mosquitos foram morfologicamente identificados e separados em abdómen e tórax+cabeça, de forma a permitir a distinção entre mosquitos infetados e mosquitos potencialmente infetantes,
respetivamente. Posteriormente, recorrendo à técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), utilizando os primers específicos DIDR-F1 e DIDR-R1, fez-se a deteção de ADN do parasita no mosquito. Das 9156 fêmeas de mosquito capturadas, 63,48% pertenciam a Culex theileri, 21,19% a Culex pipiens s.l., 6,56% a Aedes caspius, 4,43%
a Anopheles maculipennis s.l., 1,58% a Culex univittatus, 0,33% a Culiseta longiareolata, 0,25% a Aedes detritus s.l., 0,19% a Culiseta annulata, 0,04% a Anopheles claviger s.l., 0,03% a Culiseta subochrea, 0,02% a Aedes berlandi, 1,6% a Culex sp. e em 0,3% não foi possível identificar se seriam Cx. theileri ou Cx. univittatus. De todas as espécies capturadas, apenas em Cx. theileri, An. maculipennis s.l., Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus s.l. e Cx. pipiens s.l. foi detetado ADN de D. immitis, sendo que, à exceção da última espécie referida, em todas foi encontrado, pelo menos, um indivíduo potencialmente infetante. Assim, pode concluir-se que os potenciais vetores de dirofilariose canina em Portugal são mosquitos pertencentes às espécies Cx. theileri, Ae. caspius, An. maculipennis s.l. e Ae. detritus s.l., sendo necessários mais estudos para melhor avaliar o papel de Cx. pipiens s.l. na transmissão desta doença.
Canine dirofilariosis is a vector-borne disease caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria. This is an emerging zoonosis that has been spreading throughout Europe and it is endemic in Mediterranean countries such as Portugal. Its treatment may involve health complications for dogs, sometimes leading to their death. Therefore, to control of this disease, prevention is extremely important, for example, by applying suitable prophylaxis or by reducing contact between infected mosquitoes and not infected hosts. Because the transmission is dependent not only on the presence of a sufficient number of microfilaremic dogs, but also of susceptible mosquitoes and an appropriate environment that allows the extrinsic incubation of parasite in the mosquito vector, this prevention should take into account the time during which transmission occurs in a given area. This period is dependent on vector species, since each one has its own bioecology and behavior, which may affect the epidemiology of the disease, due, for instance, the temperature at which parasite development occurs in his invertebrate host. Thus, to assess the risk of human and animal exposure to the disease and also to select appropriated control measures, it is extremely important to know which species act as vectors of canine dirofilariosis in a given area. With respect to the vectors of this disease in Portugal few studies have been carried out so the main objective of this work was to identify the vectors of canine dirofilariosis in this endemic country. With this aim, mosquitoes were captured in three districts with recognized endemicity for this disease, namely, Coimbra, Santarém and Setúbal, for two years. These mosquitoes were morphologically identified and separated into abdomen and thorax+head, in order to distinguish between infected and potentially infective mosquitoes, respectively. Subsequently, using the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the specific primers DIDR-F1 and DIDR-R1, parasite DNA was detected in mosquitoes’ samples. Of 9156 female mosquitoes captured, 63.48% were Culex theileri, 21.19% Culex pipiens s.l., 6.56% Aedes caspius, 4.43% Anopheles maculipennis s.l., 1.58% Culex univittatus, 0.33% Culiseta longiareolata, 0.25% Aedes detritus s.l., 0.19% Culiseta annulata, 0.04% Anopheles claviger s.l., 0.03% Culiseta subochrea, 0.02% Aedes berlandi, 1.6% Culex sp. and 0.3% were mosquitoes with no possible distinction between Cx. theileri and Cx. univittatus. From the species captured, Cx. theileri, An. maculipennis s.l., Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus s.l. and Cx. pipiens s.l. were found PCR positive for D. immitis, and, except for the last mentioned species, at least one potentially infective individual was found in all of them. Thus, it can be concluded that the potential vectors of canine heartworm disease in Portugal are mosquitoes belonging to the species Cx. theileri, Ae. caspius, An. maculipennis s.l. and Ae. detritus s.l., being necessary further studies to better understand the role of Cx. pipiens s.l. in heartworm disease transmission.
Canine dirofilariosis is a vector-borne disease caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria. This is an emerging zoonosis that has been spreading throughout Europe and it is endemic in Mediterranean countries such as Portugal. Its treatment may involve health complications for dogs, sometimes leading to their death. Therefore, to control of this disease, prevention is extremely important, for example, by applying suitable prophylaxis or by reducing contact between infected mosquitoes and not infected hosts. Because the transmission is dependent not only on the presence of a sufficient number of microfilaremic dogs, but also of susceptible mosquitoes and an appropriate environment that allows the extrinsic incubation of parasite in the mosquito vector, this prevention should take into account the time during which transmission occurs in a given area. This period is dependent on vector species, since each one has its own bioecology and behavior, which may affect the epidemiology of the disease, due, for instance, the temperature at which parasite development occurs in his invertebrate host. Thus, to assess the risk of human and animal exposure to the disease and also to select appropriated control measures, it is extremely important to know which species act as vectors of canine dirofilariosis in a given area. With respect to the vectors of this disease in Portugal few studies have been carried out so the main objective of this work was to identify the vectors of canine dirofilariosis in this endemic country. With this aim, mosquitoes were captured in three districts with recognized endemicity for this disease, namely, Coimbra, Santarém and Setúbal, for two years. These mosquitoes were morphologically identified and separated into abdomen and thorax+head, in order to distinguish between infected and potentially infective mosquitoes, respectively. Subsequently, using the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the specific primers DIDR-F1 and DIDR-R1, parasite DNA was detected in mosquitoes’ samples. Of 9156 female mosquitoes captured, 63.48% were Culex theileri, 21.19% Culex pipiens s.l., 6.56% Aedes caspius, 4.43% Anopheles maculipennis s.l., 1.58% Culex univittatus, 0.33% Culiseta longiareolata, 0.25% Aedes detritus s.l., 0.19% Culiseta annulata, 0.04% Anopheles claviger s.l., 0.03% Culiseta subochrea, 0.02% Aedes berlandi, 1.6% Culex sp. and 0.3% were mosquitoes with no possible distinction between Cx. theileri and Cx. univittatus. From the species captured, Cx. theileri, An. maculipennis s.l., Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus s.l. and Cx. pipiens s.l. were found PCR positive for D. immitis, and, except for the last mentioned species, at least one potentially infective individual was found in all of them. Thus, it can be concluded that the potential vectors of canine heartworm disease in Portugal are mosquitoes belonging to the species Cx. theileri, Ae. caspius, An. maculipennis s.l. and Ae. detritus s.l., being necessary further studies to better understand the role of Cx. pipiens s.l. in heartworm disease transmission.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Parasitologia médica Mosquitos Vetores Dirofilariose Portugal
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Editora
Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical