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A Leishmaniose visceral é considerada uma doença tropical e subtropical
negligenciada que se apresenta como um grave problema para a saúde pública. Leishmania infantum é o agente etiológico responsável pela leishmaniose canina e leishmaniose visceral humana. Durante a refeição sanguínea, o inseto vetor inocula a forma promastigota do parasita no hospedeiro vertebrado que infeta órgãos ricos em células mononucleares
fagocíticas. Entre os órgãos alvo da infeção por L.infantum encontra-se o fígado. Este, embora seja considerado um órgão não linfóide, é um alvo para a multiplicação de L. infantum e tem mecanismos efetores únicos que contribuem para a eliminação direta do parasita, envolvendo a resposta imunitária adaptativa. A resistência ou a suscetibilidade à infeção depende da atividade das células T CD4+ e T CD8+ que após estímulo antigénico
geram células de memória A memória imunológica é a caraterística principal da resposta adaptativa. As células de memória apresentam diferentes capacidades de proliferação, migração, produção de citocinas e funções efetoras. A memória efetora (TME) é constituída por células com capacidade de proliferação diminuta mas capazes de ativar rapidamente as
funções efetoras. Esta subpopulação celular está envolvida na proteção imediata e encontrase maioritamente nos tecidos não linfóides. A memória central (TMC) é constituída por células que circulam principalmente nos órgãos linfóides, expandem vigorosamente após o reencontro com o antigénio e estão envolvidas em respostas imunitárias secundárias e na
proteção de longa duração. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a dinâmica das subpopulações de células linfocitárias de memória central e efetora no fígado de murganhos infetados por L. infantum, procurando identificar os fatores que favorecem o estabelecimento de memória específica e duradoura. A combinação da intensidade de fluorescência dos marcadores da superfície celular CD62L e CD127 permite diferenciar as
subpopulações de linfócitos T efetores (CD62lowCD127low), memória efetora (CD62LlowCD127high), memória central (CD62LhighCD127high) e linfócitos T indiferenciados (CD62LhighCD127low). A compreensão do estabelecimento de subpopulações de linfócitos de memória no fígado infetado por L. infantum contribui para a compreensão do processo de
indução de proteção. No geral, este estudo demonstra que a presença do parasita no tecido hepático não tem efeito na dimensão das populações efetoras e que não promove a expansão das subpopulações de células efetoras, indeterminadas ou de memória, apontado para uma infeção tendencialmente silenciosa. Este estudo confirma ainda que a subpopulação de células citotóxicas efetoras hepáticas encontra-se fortemente regulada. Porém, as proteínas recombinantes de L.infantum, ciclofilina e superóxido dismutase, parecem ser capazes de induzir a diferenciação e expansão de células de memória, indicando um eventual potencial protetor. Após estudos adicionais dirigidos à caraterização do estado de ativação prédeterminado das células de memória é possível que estas proteínas venham a integrar uma vacina para a leishmaniose visceral.
Visceral leishmaniasis is considered a tropical and subtropical neglected disease that presents as a serious public health problem. Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of canine leishmaniasis and human visceral leishmaniasis. During the blood meal, the insect vector inoculates the parasite promastigote form in the vertebrate host. Then the parasite replicates, infecting organs rich in mononuclear phagocyte cells. Among the target organs for L. infantum infection is the liver. Although considered a non-lymphoid organ, the liver has unique effector mechanisms that contribute to the direct elimination of the parasite involving the adaptive immune response. The resistance or susceptibility to infection depends on the activity of antigenic stimulated-CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to generate memory cells. Immune memory is the main characteristic of the adaptive response. Memory cells have different effector functions, including specific proliferation levels, migration ability and cytokine production. The effector memory subset (TEM) is constituted of cells with low levels of proliferation, but able to quickly activate effector functions. This cell subset is involved in immediate protection and is mainly localized in non-lymphoid tissues. Central memory (TCM) is constituted of cells able to expand vigorously after a posterior encounter with the same antigen that originate its differentiation which circulate in lymphoid organs. Both these cells are involved in the secondary immune response and long-lasting protection. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the dynamics of central and effector memory cell subsets resident in mouse liver infected by L. infantum, looking for factors that favor the establishment of specific and long lived memory. The fluorescence intensity of cell surface markers CD127 and CD62L allows distinguishing subsets of effector T lymphocytes (CD62LlowCD127low), effector memory (CD62LlowCD127high), central memory (CD62LhighCD127high), and undifferentiated T cells (CD62LhighCD127low). The understanding of the establishment in the liver infected by L. infantum of memory lymphocyte subsets may shed light in the induction of protection. Overall, this study demonstrates that the presence of the parasite in the liver has no effect on the size of effector populations and does not promote the expansion of effector, indeterminate or memory cell subsets, pointing to a silent infection. This study also confirms that hepatic cytotoxic effector cell subset is highly regulated. However, L. infantum recombinant proteins cyclophilin protein 1 and superoxide dismutase appear to be able to induce the differentiation and expansion of memory cells, suggesting a possible protective potential. After further studies directed to the characterization of the predetermined activation state of memory cells is possible that these proteins incorporate a vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis.
Visceral leishmaniasis is considered a tropical and subtropical neglected disease that presents as a serious public health problem. Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of canine leishmaniasis and human visceral leishmaniasis. During the blood meal, the insect vector inoculates the parasite promastigote form in the vertebrate host. Then the parasite replicates, infecting organs rich in mononuclear phagocyte cells. Among the target organs for L. infantum infection is the liver. Although considered a non-lymphoid organ, the liver has unique effector mechanisms that contribute to the direct elimination of the parasite involving the adaptive immune response. The resistance or susceptibility to infection depends on the activity of antigenic stimulated-CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to generate memory cells. Immune memory is the main characteristic of the adaptive response. Memory cells have different effector functions, including specific proliferation levels, migration ability and cytokine production. The effector memory subset (TEM) is constituted of cells with low levels of proliferation, but able to quickly activate effector functions. This cell subset is involved in immediate protection and is mainly localized in non-lymphoid tissues. Central memory (TCM) is constituted of cells able to expand vigorously after a posterior encounter with the same antigen that originate its differentiation which circulate in lymphoid organs. Both these cells are involved in the secondary immune response and long-lasting protection. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the dynamics of central and effector memory cell subsets resident in mouse liver infected by L. infantum, looking for factors that favor the establishment of specific and long lived memory. The fluorescence intensity of cell surface markers CD127 and CD62L allows distinguishing subsets of effector T lymphocytes (CD62LlowCD127low), effector memory (CD62LlowCD127high), central memory (CD62LhighCD127high), and undifferentiated T cells (CD62LhighCD127low). The understanding of the establishment in the liver infected by L. infantum of memory lymphocyte subsets may shed light in the induction of protection. Overall, this study demonstrates that the presence of the parasite in the liver has no effect on the size of effector populations and does not promote the expansion of effector, indeterminate or memory cell subsets, pointing to a silent infection. This study also confirms that hepatic cytotoxic effector cell subset is highly regulated. However, L. infantum recombinant proteins cyclophilin protein 1 and superoxide dismutase appear to be able to induce the differentiation and expansion of memory cells, suggesting a possible protective potential. After further studies directed to the characterization of the predetermined activation state of memory cells is possible that these proteins incorporate a vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Ciências biomédicas Leishmania infantum Fígado T CD8+ Células T de
memória efetora Células T de memória central Células T CD4+ Parasita Hospedeiro
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Editora
Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical
