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Caracterização da resposta imunoinflamatória na coinfeção Dirofilaria spp. –Wolbachia spp. no cão
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A Dirofilariose é uma doença zoonótica de dispersão mundial que infeta animais e humanos por todo o Mundo e que tem vindo a aumentar os seus locais de dispersão. É causada principalmente pelas espécies Dirofilaria immitis e D. repens. Para o desenvolvimento e reprodução, estes parasitas necessitam de uma bactéria Gramnegativa endossimbionte Wolbachia spp., encontrada na maioria das espécies de filárias conhecidas. Sabe-se que a presença da bactéria no organismo do animal está associada a uma resposta imunoinflamatória com ativação de citoquinas pró-inflamatórias e aumento de imunoglobulinas específicas direcionando a resposta inflamatória para Th1 e consequentemente aumentando a patologia.
O tratamento da dirofilariose canina, causada por D. immitis, consiste no uso de fármacos antiparasitários que, em animais com elevada carga parasitária, podem causar reações adversas graves e fatais. A deteção atempada da presença da bactéria no animal e o uso de antibacterianos pode prevenir estas reações, aumentando a eficácia do
tratamento e diminuindo a taxa de mortalidade.
O nosso estudo teve como principal objetivo caracterizar o perfil de resposta imunoinflamatória durante a coinfeção Dirofilaria-Wolbachia spp. e identificar potenciais biomarcadores preditivos da presença de Wolbachia spp. Para tal, 245 amostras de sangue de canídeos (originários de canis e associações de animais) foram analisadas para a deteção de anticorpos do tipo IgG e subclasses (IgG1 e IgG2) e da
Proteína C-reativa (CRP) através da técnica de Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
A nível da resposta humoral, anticorpos do tipo IgG e IgG1, os animais
coinfetados (D. immitis-Wolbachia spp.) apresentavam níveis séricos mais elevados dos que os com infeção simples (apenas D. immitis) mas sem diferenças significativas.
Perfil semelhante foi observado para os anticorpos do tipo IgG2. No entanto, em relação à concentração da CRP, a coinfeção Wolbachia spp. induzia um aumento significativo (Mann-Whitney, P<0,05) em comparação com a dos animais infetados apenas por D. immitis o que reforça a potencial aplicação da CRP como biomarcador de Wolbachia
spp. em animais infetados por D. immitis. A sua deteção pelo método enzimático ELISA, técnica de elevada sensibilidade e de fácil execução, é uma vantagem adicional, uma vez que poderá fornecer um resultado fiável e rápido, informação relevante para o médico Veterinário para a abordagem terapêutica nos animais com dirofilariose.
Heartworm disease is a zoonotic disease of worldwide dispersion that infects animals and humans throughout the world and has been increasing its area of incidence. It is mainly caused by Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens. For the development and reproduction, these parasites require a Gram-negative bacteria endosymbiont Wolbachia spp., found in most known species of filaria. It is known that the presence of this bacteria on the animal's body is associated with an immunoinflammatory response that activates pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases specific immunoglobulins polarizing the inflammatory response in the Th1 subset and consequently increasing the pathology. The treatment of canine heartworm disease, caused by D. immitis is based on antiparasitic drugs, however in dogs with high levels of parasitemia can cause the appearance of severe adverse reactions and even death. The prompt detection of the presence of bacteria in infected animals and the use of antibacterial drugs can prevent these reactions, increasing the treatment efficacy and reducing the mortality rate. Our study aimed to characterize the immunoinflammatory response profile that occurs during co-infection Dirofilaria-Wolbachia spp. and identifying potential predictive biomarkers for the presence of Wolbachia spp. For this purpose, 245 canine blood samples (collected in kennels and animal associations) were analysed for the detection of IgG antibodies and subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2) and C-reactive protein (CRP) through the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analysis of humoral response, IgG and IgG1 antibodies, demonstrate that the co-infected animals (D. immitis-Wolbachia spp.) had higher IgGs antibody levels than those with single infection (only D. immitis) but without significant differences. A similar profile was observed for IgG2 antibodies. However, in relation to the concentration of CRP, Wolbachia co-infection induces a significant increase (Mann- Whitney test, P<0,05) in comparison with animals infected only by D. immitis subjecting the potential application of CRP as a biomarker of Wolbachia spp. in animals infected by D. immitis. It’s detection by the enzymatic ELISA method, a highly sensitive test and easy to perform, has an additional advantage as it can provide reliable and fast result, which are relevant to the Veterinarians for selecting the therapeutic approach in animals with heartworm disease.
Heartworm disease is a zoonotic disease of worldwide dispersion that infects animals and humans throughout the world and has been increasing its area of incidence. It is mainly caused by Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens. For the development and reproduction, these parasites require a Gram-negative bacteria endosymbiont Wolbachia spp., found in most known species of filaria. It is known that the presence of this bacteria on the animal's body is associated with an immunoinflammatory response that activates pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases specific immunoglobulins polarizing the inflammatory response in the Th1 subset and consequently increasing the pathology. The treatment of canine heartworm disease, caused by D. immitis is based on antiparasitic drugs, however in dogs with high levels of parasitemia can cause the appearance of severe adverse reactions and even death. The prompt detection of the presence of bacteria in infected animals and the use of antibacterial drugs can prevent these reactions, increasing the treatment efficacy and reducing the mortality rate. Our study aimed to characterize the immunoinflammatory response profile that occurs during co-infection Dirofilaria-Wolbachia spp. and identifying potential predictive biomarkers for the presence of Wolbachia spp. For this purpose, 245 canine blood samples (collected in kennels and animal associations) were analysed for the detection of IgG antibodies and subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2) and C-reactive protein (CRP) through the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analysis of humoral response, IgG and IgG1 antibodies, demonstrate that the co-infected animals (D. immitis-Wolbachia spp.) had higher IgGs antibody levels than those with single infection (only D. immitis) but without significant differences. A similar profile was observed for IgG2 antibodies. However, in relation to the concentration of CRP, Wolbachia co-infection induces a significant increase (Mann- Whitney test, P<0,05) in comparison with animals infected only by D. immitis subjecting the potential application of CRP as a biomarker of Wolbachia spp. in animals infected by D. immitis. It’s detection by the enzymatic ELISA method, a highly sensitive test and easy to perform, has an additional advantage as it can provide reliable and fast result, which are relevant to the Veterinarians for selecting the therapeutic approach in animals with heartworm disease.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Parasitologia médica Ciências biomédicas Dirofilariose canina Tratamento Terapêutica
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Editora
Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical