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Digital Citizen: como a IA está a transformar a relação entre Estado e cidadãos
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A adoção da Inteligência Artificial (IA) no setor público já é uma realidade e tem promovido
avanços na prestação de serviços ao mesmo tempo em que levanta preocupações éticas. Esta
pesquisa tem por objetivo compreender como a IA é aplicada em diferentes funções públicas,
identificando seus possíveis benefícios e riscos, bem como o impacto de sua adoção na relação
entre os cidadãos e o Estado, considerando tanto os ganhos de eficiência como possíveis
comprometimentos à equidade. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma abordagem metodológica
baseada na revisão sistemática da literatura, que resultou na seleção de 101 documentos
considerados elegíveis. Complementarmente, foram inseridos alguns exemplos de casos reais
do uso de IA, a fim de ilustrar como os benefícios ou os riscos da adoção de IA podem ocorrer
na prática. A partir dos resultados foi possível identificar benefícios - como o aumento da
eficiência - e riscos - como a ocorrência de viés e discriminação algorítmica – da adoção de IA
pelo setor público. Abordamos também os esforços regulatórios desenvolvidos na União
Europeia e no Brasil para lidar com os dilemas éticos associados ao uso de IA, sem
comprometer a busca pela eficiência e a promoção da inovação. Os resultados indicam que o
uso de IA nosserviços públicos pode transformar a relação entre Estado e cidadãos, tanto para
ampliar a satisfação dos cidadãos e a confiança nas instituições públicas como para reduzir a
confiança pública na ocorrência de erros ou práticas discriminatórias. Adicionalmente, a
pesquisa sugere que a adoção de IA pode fortalecer o engajamento e a participação pública,
assim como expandir o controle estatal por meio do monitoramento e da vigilância ampliados
pela capacidade tecnológica da IA. Considerações para futuras pesquisas incluem questões
relacionadas à vigilância algorítmica e ao impacto da IA sobre a democracia. A realização desta
pesquisa busca contribuir com subsídios para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas mais
eficientes e equitativas.
Adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the public sector is already a reality and has led to advances in service delivery, while also raising ethical concerns. This research aims to understand how AI is being applied across different public functions, identifying its possible benefits and risks, as well as the impacts of its adoption on the relationship between citizens and the State, considering both efficiency gains and potential compromises to equity. To this end, a methodological approach based on a systematic literature review was used, which resulted in the selection of 101 documents considered eligible. In addition, some examples of real cases of AI use were included, in order to illustrate how the benefits or risks of AI adoption can occur in practice. Based on the results, it was possible to identify benefits - such as increased efficiency - and risks - such as the occurrence of bias and algorithmic discrimination - of the adoption of AI by the public sector. We also address the regulatory efforts developed in the European Union and Brazil to deal with the ethical dilemmas associated with using AI, without compromising the search for efficiency and promoting innovation. The results indicate that using AI in public services can transform the relationship between the State and its citizens, either by enhancing satisfaction and trust in public institutions or by diminishing them in cases of errors or discriminatory practices. Furthermore, research suggests that AI adoption can strengthen public engagement and participation or expand state control through monitoring and surveillance enhanced by AI’s technological capabilities. Considerations for future research directions include issues related to surveillance and the impact of AI on democracy. This research seeks to contribute to developing more efficient and equitable public policies.
Adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the public sector is already a reality and has led to advances in service delivery, while also raising ethical concerns. This research aims to understand how AI is being applied across different public functions, identifying its possible benefits and risks, as well as the impacts of its adoption on the relationship between citizens and the State, considering both efficiency gains and potential compromises to equity. To this end, a methodological approach based on a systematic literature review was used, which resulted in the selection of 101 documents considered eligible. In addition, some examples of real cases of AI use were included, in order to illustrate how the benefits or risks of AI adoption can occur in practice. Based on the results, it was possible to identify benefits - such as increased efficiency - and risks - such as the occurrence of bias and algorithmic discrimination - of the adoption of AI by the public sector. We also address the regulatory efforts developed in the European Union and Brazil to deal with the ethical dilemmas associated with using AI, without compromising the search for efficiency and promoting innovation. The results indicate that using AI in public services can transform the relationship between the State and its citizens, either by enhancing satisfaction and trust in public institutions or by diminishing them in cases of errors or discriminatory practices. Furthermore, research suggests that AI adoption can strengthen public engagement and participation or expand state control through monitoring and surveillance enhanced by AI’s technological capabilities. Considerations for future research directions include issues related to surveillance and the impact of AI on democracy. This research seeks to contribute to developing more efficient and equitable public policies.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
inteligência artificial Artificial Intelligence Setor público Public sector Benefícios da IA Benefits of AI Riscos da IA Risks of AI Eficiência Efficiency Equidade Fairness Regulamentação da IA AI regulation