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O Novo Pacto Europeu sobre a Migração e Asilo: Um Avanço ou um Desafio para os Direitos Humanos?
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Em maio de 2024, o Novo Pacto sobre Migração e Asilo da União Europeia foi
aprovado com o objetivo de solucionar as deficiências estruturais do Sistema Europeu
Comum de Asilo. Para alcançar esse propósito, idealmente seguiria uma abordagem
supranacional, na qual os princípios humanitários prevaleceriam sobre os interesses
securitários intergovernamentais. A nossa metodologia indica que a adoção de uma
abordagem supranacional é essencial para garantir políticas mais humanitárias, pois reduz a
influência de agendas nacionais voltadas para a segurança e promove uma resposta europeia
comum baseada na solidariedade e nos direitos humanos.
Esta dissertação analisa as principais estratégias e mecanismos do Novo Pacto por meio
de uma abordagem qualitativa e político-jurídica, baseada na revisão de fontes primárias,
literatura científica, relatórios e entrevistas com organizações não governamentais. O estudo
busca avaliar a compatibilidade legal do Pacto com os direitos humanos e determinar se
representa um avanço ou retrocesso do ponto de vista humanitário.
Os resultados indicam que a Comissão Europeia priorizou o uso de regulamentos,
promovendo uma maior uniformização das políticas migratórias e de asilo. Essa escolha
impõe práticas padronizadas aos Estados-Membros, reduzindo desigualdades no tratamento
dos requerentes de asilo. No entanto, a análise também revela que as propostas da Comissão
apresentam um caráter altamente politizado, comprometendo a dimensão supranacional do
Pacto. Surge então uma contradição, em teoria as propostas legislativas da comissão deveriam
ser de caráter estritamente supranacional visto que a Comissão é uma instituição europeia
supranacional responsável pelo aprofundamento do projeto europeu, devendo guiar-se pelos
interesses gerais da união e não pelos interesses nacionais.
Descobrimos ainda que o uso de uma linguagem tecnocrática oculta a possibilidade de
violações de direitos humanos permitidas pelo novo quadro normativo. Assim, embora o
Pacto demonstre compatibilidade legal com os direitos humanos em sua formulação escrita,
sua implementação prática levanta preocupações quanto à salvaguarda efetiva dos direitos de
nacionais de países terceiros que chegam às fronteiras da União Europeia.
In May 2024, the European Union’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum was approved with the objective of addressing the structural deficiencies of the Common European Asylum System. To achieve this goal, it would ideally follow a supranational approach, in which humanitarian principles would prevail over intergovernmental security interests. Our methodology indicates that adopting a supranational approach is essential to ensuring more humanitarian policies, as it reduces the influence of national security-driven agendas and fosters a common European response based on solidarity and human rights. This dissertation analyzes the main strategies and mechanisms of the New Pact through a qualitative and politico-legal approach, based on the review of primary sources, scientific literature, reports, and interviews with non-governmental organizations. The study seeks to assess the Pact’s legal compatibility with human rights and determine whether it represents progress or a setback from a humanitarian perspective. The findings indicate that the European Commission prioritized the use of regulations, fostering greater standardization of migration and asylum policies. This choice imposes uniform practices on Member States, reducing inequalities in the treatment of asylum seekers. However, the analysis also reveals that the Commission’s proposals are highly politicized, compromising the supranational dimension of the Pact. A contradiction then arises: in theory, the Commission's legislative proposals should be of a supranational nature, given that the Commission is a supranational European institution responsible for deepening the European project, developing and guiding itself by the general interests of the Union and not by national interests. We also found that the use of technocratic language conceals the possibility of human rights violations allowed by the new regulatory framework. Thus, while the Pact demonstrates legal compatibility with human rights in its written form, its practical implementation raises concerns regarding the effective safeguarding of the rights of third-country nationals arriving at the European Union’s borders.
In May 2024, the European Union’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum was approved with the objective of addressing the structural deficiencies of the Common European Asylum System. To achieve this goal, it would ideally follow a supranational approach, in which humanitarian principles would prevail over intergovernmental security interests. Our methodology indicates that adopting a supranational approach is essential to ensuring more humanitarian policies, as it reduces the influence of national security-driven agendas and fosters a common European response based on solidarity and human rights. This dissertation analyzes the main strategies and mechanisms of the New Pact through a qualitative and politico-legal approach, based on the review of primary sources, scientific literature, reports, and interviews with non-governmental organizations. The study seeks to assess the Pact’s legal compatibility with human rights and determine whether it represents progress or a setback from a humanitarian perspective. The findings indicate that the European Commission prioritized the use of regulations, fostering greater standardization of migration and asylum policies. This choice imposes uniform practices on Member States, reducing inequalities in the treatment of asylum seekers. However, the analysis also reveals that the Commission’s proposals are highly politicized, compromising the supranational dimension of the Pact. A contradiction then arises: in theory, the Commission's legislative proposals should be of a supranational nature, given that the Commission is a supranational European institution responsible for deepening the European project, developing and guiding itself by the general interests of the Union and not by national interests. We also found that the use of technocratic language conceals the possibility of human rights violations allowed by the new regulatory framework. Thus, while the Pact demonstrates legal compatibility with human rights in its written form, its practical implementation raises concerns regarding the effective safeguarding of the rights of third-country nationals arriving at the European Union’s borders.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Novo Pacto Europeu New European Pact Direitos Humanos Human Rights Securitização Securitization Humanitarismo Humanitarianism Proteção Internacional International Protection