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Depois de nós, o dilúvio Portugal e a Bélgica nos Fins do Império (1945-1960)
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O fim da II Guerra Mundial, em 1945, trouxe consigo o início ou o aceleramento de processos que se provaram inexoráveis. Com as metrópoles europeias devastadas e a ascensão de duas novas superpotências de tradição anticolonial, a descolonização da Ásia e da
África toma um ritmo que leva os países colonialistas a adotar diversas estratégias e posições perante este fenómeno. Para esses países europeus, no entanto, a ideia de império
representava o garante da sua autonomia geopolítica e a descolonização um desafio que
tinha de ser enfrentado pelas metrópoles. Portugal e a Bélgica são potências medianas
com territórios coloniais que muito ultrapassam a dimensão das suas metrópoles, inseridas firmemente no bloco ocidental e com ligações económicas e financeiras profundas
que permanecem por explorar.
A presente dissertação pretende ser uma abordagem inicial aos contactos luso-belgas no
continente africano, na linha de outras investigações que têm privilegiado a análise das
relações de Portugal com potências de segunda ordem, tendo como principal questão de
partida: como é que esses contactos se inserem no panorama mais amplo da “questão
colonial” após a II Guerra Mundial, num quadro de interligações já existentes? Esta investigação, assente na análise documental de fontes presentes no Arquivo Histórico Diplomático e no Arquivo Oliveira Salazar, entre outros, começa por analisar os contactos
luso-belgas em África na década de 40, abordando temáticas como a ideia dos impérios
coloniais enquanto reduto europeu e a inserção do colonialismo num novo quadro internacional, passando para a sistematização das novas linhas de força na década de 50, com
novas dinâmicas multilaterais a forçarem a adoção de estratégias de cooperação em organizações como a CCTA ou iniciativas como as Conversas Quadripartidas. Termina com a
visão portuguesa do processo de descolonização repentina levado a cabo pelos belgas no
Congo, altamente criticado pelas autoridades portuguesas em análise.
The end of World War II brought with it the beginning or hastening of dynamics that proved to be inexorable. With the European metropolises devastated and the rise of two superpowers of anticolonial tradition, the decolonization of Asia and Africa gained such momentum that prompted colonial powers to adopt several strategies and stances in response to this phenomenon. To these European countries, however, the idea of Empire represented a guarantee of their geopolitical autonomy and decolonization a challenge that must be faced by the metropolises. Portugal and Belgium were medium powers with colonial territories that far exceeded the size of their European metropolises, firmly in the Western bloc and with deep financial and economic links that remain to be explored. This dissertation aims to provide an initial approach to Luso-Belgian contacts in the African continent, in line with other studies that have privileged the analysis of Portugal’s relations with second-rate powers, with its main research question being: how are these contacts inserted in the wider “colonial question” after the II World War, within a framework of previous interconnections? This research, based on the analysis of documentary sources from the Arquivo Histórico Diplpmático and the Arquivo Oliveira Salazar, among others, starts by examining Luso-Belgian contacts in Africa in the 1940s, addressing themes such as the idea of colonial empires as a European redoubt and the insertion of colonialism in a new international framework. It moves on to the systematization of new tendencies during the 1950s, with new multilateral dynamics forcing new strategies of cooperation in organizations such as the CCTA or initiatives such as the Quadripartite Talks. It ends with the Portuguese vision of the sudden decolonization process carried out by the Belgians in the Congo, highly criticized by the Portuguese authorities under analysis.
The end of World War II brought with it the beginning or hastening of dynamics that proved to be inexorable. With the European metropolises devastated and the rise of two superpowers of anticolonial tradition, the decolonization of Asia and Africa gained such momentum that prompted colonial powers to adopt several strategies and stances in response to this phenomenon. To these European countries, however, the idea of Empire represented a guarantee of their geopolitical autonomy and decolonization a challenge that must be faced by the metropolises. Portugal and Belgium were medium powers with colonial territories that far exceeded the size of their European metropolises, firmly in the Western bloc and with deep financial and economic links that remain to be explored. This dissertation aims to provide an initial approach to Luso-Belgian contacts in the African continent, in line with other studies that have privileged the analysis of Portugal’s relations with second-rate powers, with its main research question being: how are these contacts inserted in the wider “colonial question” after the II World War, within a framework of previous interconnections? This research, based on the analysis of documentary sources from the Arquivo Histórico Diplpmático and the Arquivo Oliveira Salazar, among others, starts by examining Luso-Belgian contacts in Africa in the 1940s, addressing themes such as the idea of colonial empires as a European redoubt and the insertion of colonialism in a new international framework. It moves on to the systematization of new tendencies during the 1950s, with new multilateral dynamics forcing new strategies of cooperation in organizations such as the CCTA or initiatives such as the Quadripartite Talks. It ends with the Portuguese vision of the sudden decolonization process carried out by the Belgians in the Congo, highly criticized by the Portuguese authorities under analysis.
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Colonialismo Colonialism Guerra Fria Cold War Angola Belgian Congo Congo Belga Diplomatic History História Diplomática