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A Study on the Degradation of Iron Gall Inks and to Preserve Them Using Green Approaches
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Resumo(s)
Inks from the 12th to the 17th century were aged, and a multi-analytical approach was used for their identification based on HPLC–DAD–MS, microFTIR, and microRaman. Colorimetry analysis was also performed. After 6 years of application on filter paper, three inks were selected to be cleaned using a novel green approach based on a chemically crosslinked gel to remove unwanted materials from the ink surface. A Braga ink produced in 2018 was also tested. Two degradation products were identified; iron sulfate was the main degradation product in the Braga ink. For Montpellier, Guadalupe, and QI.8 inks, the main degradation product was a complex of iron with ellagic acid. These compounds were accurately confirmed using microFTIR. Several tests were performed to clean these degradation products with the gels. The Braga ink was cleaned with 10% ethanol in water, which was included in the gel, and the iron sulfate was removed within 15 s of application. On the other hand, the complex of iron with ellagic acid demanded longer application times; we used 2 min and repeated the application until the compound was removed. The novelty of this research has practical implications for the conservation of historical documents and artworks.
Descrição
This work received support and help from FCT/MCTES through national funds; LA/P/0008/2023 DOI 10.54499/LA/P/0008/2020, UIDB/50006/2023 DOI 10.54499/UIDB/50006/2023; and CEECIND/01344/2021. The support from the Italian \u201CMinistero dell\u2019Universit\u00E0 e della Ricerca\u201D (MUR) and the University of Pavia through the program \u201CDipartimenti di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027\u201D is acknowledged. This research was funded by the European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU (Missione 4 Componente 1 CUP F13C22000840007).
Copyright: © 2025 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
Palavras-chave
conservation cultural heritage green approach iron gall inks Conservation Archaeology Materials Science (miscellaneous)