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A Study on the Degradation of Iron Gall Inks and to Preserve Them Using Green Approaches
Publication . Teixeira, Natércia; Nabais, Paula; Otero, Vanessa; Díaz Hidalgo, Rafael Javier; Ferretti, Matteo; Licchelli, Maurizio; Melo, Maria J.; LAQV@REQUIMTE; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT); VICARTE - Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes; DCR - Departamento de Conservação e Restauro; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Inks from the 12th to the 17th century were aged, and a multi-analytical approach was used for their identification based on HPLC–DAD–MS, microFTIR, and microRaman. Colorimetry analysis was also performed. After 6 years of application on filter paper, three inks were selected to be cleaned using a novel green approach based on a chemically crosslinked gel to remove unwanted materials from the ink surface. A Braga ink produced in 2018 was also tested. Two degradation products were identified; iron sulfate was the main degradation product in the Braga ink. For Montpellier, Guadalupe, and QI.8 inks, the main degradation product was a complex of iron with ellagic acid. These compounds were accurately confirmed using microFTIR. Several tests were performed to clean these degradation products with the gels. The Braga ink was cleaned with 10% ethanol in water, which was included in the gel, and the iron sulfate was removed within 15 s of application. On the other hand, the complex of iron with ellagic acid demanded longer application times; we used 2 min and repeated the application until the compound was removed. The novelty of this research has practical implications for the conservation of historical documents and artworks.
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Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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CEEC IND6ed
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2023.06024.CEECIND/CP2842/CT0010