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A Study on the Degradation of Iron Gall Inks and to Preserve Them Using Green Approaches

2025-07Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorTeixeira, Natércia
dc.contributor.authorNabais, Paula
dc.contributor.authorOtero, Vanessa
dc.contributor.authorDíaz Hidalgo, Rafael Javier
dc.contributor.authorFerretti, Matteo
dc.contributor.authorLicchelli, Maurizio
dc.contributor.authorMelo, Maria J.
dc.contributor.institutionLAQV@REQUIMTE
dc.contributor.institutionFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT)
dc.contributor.institutionVICARTE - Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes
dc.contributor.institutionDCR - Departamento de Conservação e Restauro
dc.contributor.pblMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-03T22:05:38Z
dc.date.available2025-09-03T22:05:38Z
dc.date.issued2025-07
dc.descriptionThis work received support and help from FCT/MCTES through national funds; LA/P/0008/2023 DOI 10.54499/LA/P/0008/2020, UIDB/50006/2023 DOI 10.54499/UIDB/50006/2023; and CEECIND/01344/2021. The support from the Italian \u201CMinistero dell\u2019Universit\u00E0 e della Ricerca\u201D (MUR) and the University of Pavia through the program \u201CDipartimenti di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027\u201D is acknowledged. This research was funded by the European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU (Missione 4 Componente 1 CUP F13C22000840007). Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
dc.description.abstractInks from the 12th to the 17th century were aged, and a multi-analytical approach was used for their identification based on HPLC–DAD–MS, microFTIR, and microRaman. Colorimetry analysis was also performed. After 6 years of application on filter paper, three inks were selected to be cleaned using a novel green approach based on a chemically crosslinked gel to remove unwanted materials from the ink surface. A Braga ink produced in 2018 was also tested. Two degradation products were identified; iron sulfate was the main degradation product in the Braga ink. For Montpellier, Guadalupe, and QI.8 inks, the main degradation product was a complex of iron with ellagic acid. These compounds were accurately confirmed using microFTIR. Several tests were performed to clean these degradation products with the gels. The Braga ink was cleaned with 10% ethanol in water, which was included in the gel, and the iron sulfate was removed within 15 s of application. On the other hand, the complex of iron with ellagic acid demanded longer application times; we used 2 min and repeated the application until the compound was removed. The novelty of this research has practical implications for the conservation of historical documents and artworks.en
dc.description.versionpublishersversion
dc.description.versionpublished
dc.format.extent7609712
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/heritage8070261
dc.identifier.issn2571-9408
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 128640615
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: 2c91573d-b602-4408-a9bc-045b1e490fc9
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 105011753951
dc.identifier.otherWOS: 001535343200001
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0003-2336-0773/work/191131872
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0001-7393-6801/work/191132135
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/187510
dc.identifier.urlhttps://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105011753951
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.relationFunding Information: info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F50006%2F2020/PT
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/3599-PPCDT/PTDC%2FQUI-OUT%2F29925%2F2017/PT
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/CEEC IND6ed/2023.06024.CEECIND%2FCP2842%2FCT0010/PT
dc.subjectconservation
dc.subjectcultural heritage
dc.subjectgreen approach
dc.subjectiron gall inks
dc.subjectConservation
dc.subjectArchaeology
dc.subjectMaterials Science (miscellaneous)
dc.titleA Study on the Degradation of Iron Gall Inks and to Preserve Them Using Green Approachesen
dc.typejournal article
degois.publication.issue7
degois.publication.titleHeritage
degois.publication.volume8
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardNumberPTDC/QUI-OUT/29925/2017
oaire.awardNumber2023.06024.CEECIND/CP2842/CT0010
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/3599-PPCDT/PTDC%2FQUI-OUT%2F29925%2F2017/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/CEEC IND6ed/2023.06024.CEECIND%2FCP2842%2FCT0010/PT
oaire.fundingStream3599-PPCDT
oaire.fundingStreamCEEC IND6ed
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
rcaap.rightsopenAccess
relation.isProjectOfPublication2040cc4d-0071-4b09-a0d2-589a227382e8
relation.isProjectOfPublication22b7fe45-6513-4039-8fbe-97df5485fe19
relation.isProjectOfPublication.latestForDiscovery2040cc4d-0071-4b09-a0d2-589a227382e8

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