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O Direito Fundamental ao Cuidado: Um contributo interseccional a partir do Direito das Mulheres
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Num mundo em rápida transformação, em que questões como a transição digital, a inteligência artificial dominam os estudos em diversas áreas científicas, em que a ciência questiona a sustentabilidade da vida e do planeta face ao modelo de desenvolvimento capitalista, determinados eventos, como a recente crise pandémica e as perdas associadas à mesma, reforçam a importância de regressar a ideias que parecem simples, mas que são fundamentais quando se quer fazer uma investigação que tenha impacto na sociedade no sentido de a tornar mais justa. O cuidado é uma dessas ideias e a que motiva a elaboração da presente dissertação. Olhando para as diferentes latitudes e longitudes que determinam a localização das diferentes sociedades percebemos que o cuidado é valorizado de diferentes formas e tem diferentes enquadramentos sociais e legislativos.
Começamos por recorrer às Teorias Feministas do Direito e aos contributos científicos dos Estudos de Género, Feministas e sobre as Mulheres, numa perspetiva interseccional, para enquadrar o problema. Partindo do Teoria da Reprodução Social em diálogo com o artigo “Contradições entre capital e cuidado” de Nancy Fraser (2020), iremos desvendar o modelo teórico para analisar a problemática em torno do cuidado. Em seguida, focamos nos Direitos Fundamentais Sociais. Iremos olhar o enquadramento
jurídico do Direito Fundamental ao Cuidado em diferentes sistemas internacionais de proteção de direitos humanos. Dada a importância dos movimentos sociais para o diálogo entre o direito e a sociedade iremos apreciar a iniciativa legislativa cidadã “Direito ao Cuidado, Cuidado com Direitos” e os contributos que aporta â nossa problemática. Dada a natureza da investigação vamos ainda olhar para os contributos da jurisprudência para o estudo do cuidado.
Por fim, esperamos reafirmar a importância do cuidado, validar o contributo para o direito antidiscriminatório de desnaturalizar o cuidado como uma essência feminina e elevá-lo à categoria de direito fundamental social e somar aos contributos de juristas feministas a reflexão sobre a importância de assegurar que todas as pessoas têm direito ao cuidado e que como tal é o Estado que tem a obrigação de criar as condições para o exercício deste direito.
In a rapidly changing world, in which issues such as the digital transition, artificial intelligence dominate studies in different scientific areas, in which science questions the sustainability of life and of the planet in the face of the capitalist development model, certain events, such as the recent pandemic crisis, and the losses associated with it, reinforce the importance of returning to ideas that may seem simple, nevertheless they are fundamental when carrying out research that has an impact on society in the sense of making it fairer. Care is one of these ideas and the one that motivates the preparation of this dissertation. Looking at the different latitudes and longitudes that pinpoint the location of different societies, we realize that care is valued in different ways and has different social and legislative frameworks. We begin looking at Feminist Law Theories and scientific contributions from Gender, Feminist and Women's Studies, from an intersectional perspective, to frame the problem. Starting from the Social Reproduction Theory and in dialogue with the article “Contradictions between capital and care” by Nancy Fraser, we will develop a theoretical model to analyze the issues surrounding care in capitalist societies. Next, focusing on Fundamental Social Rights, we will look at the legal framework of the Fundamental Right to Care in different international human rights protection systems. Given the importance of social movements for the dialogue between law and society, we will appreciate the Portuguese citizens' legislative initiative “Right to Care, Care with Rights” and the contributions it makes to our problem. Due to the nature of this research work we will look at the contribution of jurisprudence to the issue of care. Finally, we hope to reaffirm the importance of care, validate the contribution to anti-discrimination law of denaturalizing care as a feminine essence and elevating it to the category of fundamental social right and adding to the contributions the reflection on the importance of ensuring that all people have the right to care and that as such it is the State that has the obligation to create the conditions for the exercise of this right.
In a rapidly changing world, in which issues such as the digital transition, artificial intelligence dominate studies in different scientific areas, in which science questions the sustainability of life and of the planet in the face of the capitalist development model, certain events, such as the recent pandemic crisis, and the losses associated with it, reinforce the importance of returning to ideas that may seem simple, nevertheless they are fundamental when carrying out research that has an impact on society in the sense of making it fairer. Care is one of these ideas and the one that motivates the preparation of this dissertation. Looking at the different latitudes and longitudes that pinpoint the location of different societies, we realize that care is valued in different ways and has different social and legislative frameworks. We begin looking at Feminist Law Theories and scientific contributions from Gender, Feminist and Women's Studies, from an intersectional perspective, to frame the problem. Starting from the Social Reproduction Theory and in dialogue with the article “Contradictions between capital and care” by Nancy Fraser, we will develop a theoretical model to analyze the issues surrounding care in capitalist societies. Next, focusing on Fundamental Social Rights, we will look at the legal framework of the Fundamental Right to Care in different international human rights protection systems. Given the importance of social movements for the dialogue between law and society, we will appreciate the Portuguese citizens' legislative initiative “Right to Care, Care with Rights” and the contributions it makes to our problem. Due to the nature of this research work we will look at the contribution of jurisprudence to the issue of care. Finally, we hope to reaffirm the importance of care, validate the contribution to anti-discrimination law of denaturalizing care as a feminine essence and elevating it to the category of fundamental social right and adding to the contributions the reflection on the importance of ensuring that all people have the right to care and that as such it is the State that has the obligation to create the conditions for the exercise of this right.
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Direitos fundamentais Cuidado Feminismos Igualdade de género Não discriminação Care Fundamental rights Feminisms Gender equality Non-discrimination