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A Quarta Linha: O Sistema Defensivo de Almada na Guerra Peninsular
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O sistema defensivo em torno da capital portuguesa criado durante a Guerra
Peninsular permanece um marco para a história militar de Portugal. Apesar de ser mais
conhecido por linhas de Torres Vedras, o sistema era formado por cinco linhas de
pontos ou posições fortificadas, indo de Torres Vedras a Setúbal. A quarta linha,
construída no concelho de Almada, possuía uma extensão de 7 quilómetros, com os seus
extremos entre Cacilhas e Trafaria. Ao todo, esta componente do dispositivo defensivo
contava com 21 fortificações, sendo 20 redutos de fortificação de campanha e 1
fortificação permanente. Contudo, atualmente restam poucos vestígios deste sistema,
em virtude da expansão demográfica e urbana da região.
Neste contexto, o presente trabalho procura explorar este tema sobre o viés
arqueológico, centrando-se no estudo da quarta linha defensiva. Em virtude da escassez
de vestígios, o estudo recorreu a técnicas de georreferenciação em SIG para localizar,
medir e obter dados sobre este conjunto de fortificações, realizando uma análise
comparativa entre as fontes documentais disponíveis e os dados obtidos neste processo.
Este estudo recorreu também a análises químicas de argamassas pertencentes ao Castelo
de Almada, a única fortificação de carater permanente desta linha, de forma a tentar
obter informações sobre a evolução desta estrutura no contexto da Guerra Peninsular,
distinguindo-a de fases anteriores e posteriores.
The defense system around the Portuguese capital created during the Peninsular War, remains a reference in Portugal´s military history. Although it is better known for the Lines of Torres Vedras, the system was composed of five lines of fortified points, going from Torres Vedras to Setúbal. The fourth line which covered Almada, had a total length of 7 kilometers long, with its ends between Cacilhas and Trafaria. This defensive line was made of 21 fortifications, consisting of 20 campaign fortification redoubts and 1 permanent fortification. Although today there are scarce remains left of this system, due to the increasing demographic and urban expansion of the region. In this context, this work seeks to explore the theme through archeology. Due to the scarcity of remains, this study used SIG georreferencing techniques to locate, measure and obtain information about these fortifications, and make a comparative analysis between historical sources and the data obtained. On the absence of archeological work conducted on this subject, this study also used chemical analysis of mortars recovered from the Castle of Almada, the only permanent fortification in the line of Almada, to obtain information about the evolution of this structure in the context of the Peninsular War
The defense system around the Portuguese capital created during the Peninsular War, remains a reference in Portugal´s military history. Although it is better known for the Lines of Torres Vedras, the system was composed of five lines of fortified points, going from Torres Vedras to Setúbal. The fourth line which covered Almada, had a total length of 7 kilometers long, with its ends between Cacilhas and Trafaria. This defensive line was made of 21 fortifications, consisting of 20 campaign fortification redoubts and 1 permanent fortification. Although today there are scarce remains left of this system, due to the increasing demographic and urban expansion of the region. In this context, this work seeks to explore the theme through archeology. Due to the scarcity of remains, this study used SIG georreferencing techniques to locate, measure and obtain information about these fortifications, and make a comparative analysis between historical sources and the data obtained. On the absence of archeological work conducted on this subject, this study also used chemical analysis of mortars recovered from the Castle of Almada, the only permanent fortification in the line of Almada, to obtain information about the evolution of this structure in the context of the Peninsular War
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Século XIX Fortificações Invasões Francesas Linhas de Torres Engenharia Militar Modern Era Fortifications French Invasions Lines of Torres Military Engineering