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Orientações para a participação pública e instituições tradicionais de regulação ambiental em duas iniciativas de Ecoturismo de Base Comunitária projetadas em Timor-Leste
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Esta dissertação aborda duas áreas em Timor-Leste, com caraterísticas naturais únicas
que, se forem apropriadamente aproveitadas para o ecoturismo, podem melhorar as condições
de vida das suas comunidades e contribuir para o objetivo de desenvolvimento sustentável. As
questões abordadas centraram-se nas comunidades locais: De que forma os programas de
desenvolvimento do ecoturismo estão a envolver a sua participação? Quais as expetativas e
disposições delas para a participação? Como encaram os regulamentos tradicionais,
nomeadamente a instituição formal do Tara Bandu, como meio de proteger e conservar o
ambiente, no contexto de desenvolvimento do ecoturismo de base comunitária?
Foram recolhidos e analisados documentos técnicos e legislativos sobre as políticas
públicas e os programas governamentais, no âmbito do turismo e do ecoturismo de base
comunitária, e foram entrevistados dirigentes da Administração Pública central e local afetos às
políticas e atividades nas áreas do turismo e do ambiente. Nos dois terrenos, foram
entrevistados e informadores selecionados nas comunidades locais e foi realizada observação
não participante durante várias curtas estadias.
Detetamos um amplo consenso quanto a o ecoturismo de base comunitária dever ser
um sector favorável à diversificaçãoe ao crescimento sustentável da economia em Timor-Leste,
e à criação de emprego. As expetativas são elevadas: estas iniciativas são vistas como uma
oportunidade para melhorar as condições de vida das comunidades e para promover a
proteção do ambiente e da cultura local. No entanto, há a perceção de que para tal é
necessário que as infraestruturas sejam substancialmente melhoradas e que as iniciativas sejam
desenvolvidas de uma forma integrada, participada e sustentável; as entrevistas revelaram a
consciência de que há muito ainda a fazer nesse sentido.
Em ambas as localidades, as lideranças tradicionais desempenham um papel fulcral na
implementação do Tara Bandu, mas a perceção sobre a instituição varia em certa medida entre
Tutuala e Adara. Enquanto em Adara a adesão foi elevada, em Tutuala, houve alguma
manifestação de indiferença quanto à formalidade ritual e legal, visto como desnecessário
devido à eficácia da cultura local na proteção quotidiana do ambiente. Não obstante,
reconhece-se ao Tara Bandu potencial para ser integrado em futuras atividades de ecoturismo
de base comunitária, face ao previsível aumento do turismo e da pressão ambiental e cultural
resultante.
This dissertation is concened with two areas in East Timor, with unique natural characteristics which, if appropriately used for ecotourism, can improve the living standards of their communities and contribute to the objective of sustainable development. The questions addressed were focused on local communities: How are programmes for the development of ecotourism involving their participation? What are their expectations and dispositions towards participating? How are traditional regulations envisaged, namely the formal institution of Tara Bandu, as a means for environmental protection and conservation, within a context of developing community-based ecotourism? Technical and legal documents were analysed concerning public policies and government programmes concerning tourism and community-based ecotourism, and interviews were carried out with leading civil servants in central and local administration, dealing with policies and actions about tourism and the environment. In both terrains, selected informants from the local communities were interviewed, along with non-participant observation during several short stays. We detected a broad consensus that community-based ecotourism should be a contributing sector for East Timor economy’s diversification and sustainable growth, for promoting environmental protection and conservation, and for creating jobs. Expectations are high, as such initiatives are seen as an opportunity for improving living standards in the communities, along with protecting the environment and local culture. There is, however, a perception that, in order to achieve those goals, substantial infrastructure improvement will be required and initiatives must be carried out in an integrated, participative and sustainable way. Interviews have shown awareness that much remains to be done in those regards. Traditional leaderships play a crucial role in implementing Tara Bandu in both communities; however, perceptions of this institution vary somewhat between Ttutuala and Adara. While in Adara there was full adhesion to it, in Tutuala some indifference was noted regarding the ritual and legal formality, because of the perceived efficacy of local culture in everyday environmental protection. Regardless, Tara Bandu’s potential for integration in future community-based tourism activities was acknowledged, while facing a prospective increase in tourism and of the resulting environmental and cultural pressure.
This dissertation is concened with two areas in East Timor, with unique natural characteristics which, if appropriately used for ecotourism, can improve the living standards of their communities and contribute to the objective of sustainable development. The questions addressed were focused on local communities: How are programmes for the development of ecotourism involving their participation? What are their expectations and dispositions towards participating? How are traditional regulations envisaged, namely the formal institution of Tara Bandu, as a means for environmental protection and conservation, within a context of developing community-based ecotourism? Technical and legal documents were analysed concerning public policies and government programmes concerning tourism and community-based ecotourism, and interviews were carried out with leading civil servants in central and local administration, dealing with policies and actions about tourism and the environment. In both terrains, selected informants from the local communities were interviewed, along with non-participant observation during several short stays. We detected a broad consensus that community-based ecotourism should be a contributing sector for East Timor economy’s diversification and sustainable growth, for promoting environmental protection and conservation, and for creating jobs. Expectations are high, as such initiatives are seen as an opportunity for improving living standards in the communities, along with protecting the environment and local culture. There is, however, a perception that, in order to achieve those goals, substantial infrastructure improvement will be required and initiatives must be carried out in an integrated, participative and sustainable way. Interviews have shown awareness that much remains to be done in those regards. Traditional leaderships play a crucial role in implementing Tara Bandu in both communities; however, perceptions of this institution vary somewhat between Ttutuala and Adara. While in Adara there was full adhesion to it, in Tutuala some indifference was noted regarding the ritual and legal formality, because of the perceived efficacy of local culture in everyday environmental protection. Regardless, Tara Bandu’s potential for integration in future community-based tourism activities was acknowledged, while facing a prospective increase in tourism and of the resulting environmental and cultural pressure.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Adara Ataúro Ecoturismo de base comunitária Timor-Leste Tara Bandu Tutuala and Jaco Lautém East Timor Community-based ecotourism