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O Papel da Formação da Identidade Nacional na Diplomacia Económica na Ásia Oriental: o caso da Coreia do Sul
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Resumo(s)
O nacionalismo na Ásia Oriental impacta a diplomacia económica sul-coreana,
que é uma das mais importantes ferramentas do nacionalismo político do país na
contemporaneidade. As tensões regionais, materializadas nas disputas de soberania das
identidades nacionais, provocam um cenário adverso para o livre-arbítrio do Estado sulcoreano – o domínio político-militar dos EUA na Coreia do Sul; o domínio económico da
China no país; as disputas territoriais e tensões históricas com o Japão, marcadas por um
ressentimento que remete aos tempos do colonialismo japonês; a ameaça nuclear nortecoreana; as disputas por influência de poder levadas a cabo pelos EUA e pela China ou
pela China e pelo Japão -, que utiliza a diplomacia económica como um escape a esta
pressão regional. Assim, através de uma estratégia económica, assente na diplomacia
bilateral (particularmente a concretização de ALC) e multilateral (especialmente a
participação ativa em organizações e instituições como a APEC, a ASEAN+3 ou a ONU),
no desenvolvimento industrial e tecnológico e na exportação, a Coreia do Sul tem
conseguido adquirir uma maior liberdade de movimentação, ao tornar-se um player
imprescindível, tanto na Ásia Oriental como no mundo. A dicotomia nacionalismo –
diplomacia económica é cíclica e o presente trabalho faz uma análise desta relação de
influências, na qual a diplomacia económica se torna uma ferramenta essencial para a
sobrevivência e desenvolvimento do nacionalismo sul-coreano, ao mesmo tempo que este
alimenta o desenvolvimento diplomático e económico da Coreia do Sul.
The nationalism in East Asia impacts the economic diplomacy of South Korea, which is one of the most important tools of the country’s political nationalism in contemporary times. The regional tensions, materialized in the national identities’ disputes for sovereignty, provoke an adverse scenario for the south-korean State’s free will – the political-military domination of the USA in South Korea; the economical domination of China in the country; the territorial dispute and historical tensions with Japan, marked by the ressentiment that remit to the times of japanese colonialism; the north-korean nuclear threat; the disputes for power influence carried out by the USA and China or by China and Japan – that uses economic diplomacy as a escapement for this regional pressure. Thus, through an economic strategy, based on bilateral (particularly the concretization of ALC) and multilateral diplomacy (specially the active participation in organizations and institutions such as APEC, ASEAN+3 or ONU), on industrial and technological development and on exportation, South Korea has been able to acquire a bigger freedom of movement, turning into an indispensable player, both in East Asia and the world. The dichotomy nationalism – economic diplomacy is cyclical and the present work analyses this relationship of influences, in which economic diplomacy turns into an essential tool for the survival and development of south-korean nationalism, at the same time as this feeds the diplomatic and economic development of South Korea.
The nationalism in East Asia impacts the economic diplomacy of South Korea, which is one of the most important tools of the country’s political nationalism in contemporary times. The regional tensions, materialized in the national identities’ disputes for sovereignty, provoke an adverse scenario for the south-korean State’s free will – the political-military domination of the USA in South Korea; the economical domination of China in the country; the territorial dispute and historical tensions with Japan, marked by the ressentiment that remit to the times of japanese colonialism; the north-korean nuclear threat; the disputes for power influence carried out by the USA and China or by China and Japan – that uses economic diplomacy as a escapement for this regional pressure. Thus, through an economic strategy, based on bilateral (particularly the concretization of ALC) and multilateral diplomacy (specially the active participation in organizations and institutions such as APEC, ASEAN+3 or ONU), on industrial and technological development and on exportation, South Korea has been able to acquire a bigger freedom of movement, turning into an indispensable player, both in East Asia and the world. The dichotomy nationalism – economic diplomacy is cyclical and the present work analyses this relationship of influences, in which economic diplomacy turns into an essential tool for the survival and development of south-korean nationalism, at the same time as this feeds the diplomatic and economic development of South Korea.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Diplomacia económica Identidade nacional Nacionalismo Ásia Oriental Coreia do Sul Geopolítica Economic diplomacy National identity Nationalism East Asia South Korea Geopolitics