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Esperança e Nostalgia no Pensamento Filosófico-Político de Judith Shklar
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Esta dissertação nasceu com um propósito dúplice. Por um lado, ambicionamos recuperar o trabalho de
Judith Nisse Shklar (1928-1992), uma teórica política ainda relativamente pouco conhecida, mas cujas
ideias, incisivas e disruptivas, nos parecem ser particularmente importantes para que a reflexão política
retome o seu fôlego e consiga encarar e acompanhar as mudanças a que assistimos nas nossas sociedades.
Por outro lado, socorrendo-nos do trabalho de Shklar como base, procuramos reflectir sobre a forma
como as nossas características enquanto seres humanos, em particular aquelas mais negativas e corrosivas,
que aqui apelidamos de vícios, se entrelaçam com a política, influenciando as nossas motivações e acções,
bem como a percepção que temos daquela.
Para tal, procedemos a um estudo cuidado do pensamento de Shklar, o que nos leva a argumentar,
contrariamente a algumas interpretações, que existe uma linha de continuidade nos seus trabalhos, e que
esta se consubstancia na centralidade que as emoções ocupam na sua obra, nomeadamente ao tratar dos
elementos mais desfavorecidos da sociedade. Com efeito, a dedicação de Shklar à História revelou-lhe as
muitas mudanças que têm vindo a ter lugar ao longo dos séculos, mas acima de tudo a constância das
injustiças e da potencialidade da supremacia de um poder devasso.
Deste modo, a diversidade de pensadores que contribuíram para a sua construção intelectual enformaram
todo um corpus teórico sustentado pelo primado da tolerância e do pluralismo, que se orientou para a
construção de uma visão liberal e realista. Partindo destes pressupostos, elaboramos uma argumentação
que se sustenta em torno de dois polos, a Nostalgia e a Esperança, no centro da qual reside a dinâmica
entre Razão e Sentimento, que alimenta o seu liberalismo realista. Argumentamos, portanto, em favor de
uma posição filosófico-política equilibrada entre o Passado, o Presente e o Futuro, que tenha consciência
do potencial de crueldade do poder, e que o minimize e contraponha através de uma leitura mais matizada
sobre as situações de injustiça.
Concluímos que as reflexões de Shklar albergam em si um valor literário e teórico que nos abre a porta
para pensarmos mais aprofundadamente sobre as facetas racionais e emocionais da política. Apesar de
Shklar nos dar poucas respostas, o seu exercício de incessante questionamento dos pressupostos, normas,
e preconceitos é uma valiosa lição de cepticismo ponderado. A partir desta, podemos desenvolver uma
maior consciência da multiplicidade de factores por detrás da nossa relação com a Política e refinar os
pontos-de-vista que constituem a relação complexa entre o Eu e os Outros.
This dissertation was born with a twofold purpose. On the one hand, our ambition is to recover the work of Judith Nisse Shklar (1928-1992), a political theorist who is still relatively little known, but whose incisive and disruptive ideas seem to us to be particularly important for political reflection to catch its breath and be able to face and accompany the changes we are witnessing in our societies. On the other hand, using Shklar’s work as a basis, we seek to reflect on how our characteristics as human beings, particularly those that are more negative and corrosive, which we call vices here, are intertwined with politics, influencing our motivations and actions, as well as our perception of the former. To this end, we have carried out a careful study of Shklar’s thought, which leads us to argue, contrary to some interpretations, that there is a line of continuity in her works, and that this is embodied in the centrality that emotions occupy in her work, mainly while addressing the most disadvantaged and unprotected elements of society. Indeed, Shklar’s dedication to History has revealed to her the many changes that have taken place over the centuries, but above all the constancy of injustice and the potential supremacy of a debased power. In this way, the diversity of thinkers who contributed to her intellectual construction formed a whole body of theory underpinned by the primacy of tolerance and pluralism, which was oriented towards the construction of a liberal and realistic vision. Departing from these assumptions, we have developed an argument based around two poles, Nostalgia and Hope, at the centre of which lies the dynamic between Reason and Feeling, which nurtures her realistic liberalism. We therefore argue in favour of a balanced position between the Past, the Present and the Future, which is aware of power’s potential cruelty, and which minimizes and counteracts it through a more nuanced reading of situations of injustice. We conclude that Shklar’s reflections harbour a literary and theoretical value that opens the door for us to think more deeply about the link between individuals and politics. Although Shklar gives us few answers, her exercises in incessant questioning of assumptions, norms and prejudices are a valuable lesson in thoughtful scepticism. From this, we can develop a greater awareness of the multiplicity of factors behind our relationship with Politics and refine the points of view that constitute this complex relationship between Self and Other.
This dissertation was born with a twofold purpose. On the one hand, our ambition is to recover the work of Judith Nisse Shklar (1928-1992), a political theorist who is still relatively little known, but whose incisive and disruptive ideas seem to us to be particularly important for political reflection to catch its breath and be able to face and accompany the changes we are witnessing in our societies. On the other hand, using Shklar’s work as a basis, we seek to reflect on how our characteristics as human beings, particularly those that are more negative and corrosive, which we call vices here, are intertwined with politics, influencing our motivations and actions, as well as our perception of the former. To this end, we have carried out a careful study of Shklar’s thought, which leads us to argue, contrary to some interpretations, that there is a line of continuity in her works, and that this is embodied in the centrality that emotions occupy in her work, mainly while addressing the most disadvantaged and unprotected elements of society. Indeed, Shklar’s dedication to History has revealed to her the many changes that have taken place over the centuries, but above all the constancy of injustice and the potential supremacy of a debased power. In this way, the diversity of thinkers who contributed to her intellectual construction formed a whole body of theory underpinned by the primacy of tolerance and pluralism, which was oriented towards the construction of a liberal and realistic vision. Departing from these assumptions, we have developed an argument based around two poles, Nostalgia and Hope, at the centre of which lies the dynamic between Reason and Feeling, which nurtures her realistic liberalism. We therefore argue in favour of a balanced position between the Past, the Present and the Future, which is aware of power’s potential cruelty, and which minimizes and counteracts it through a more nuanced reading of situations of injustice. We conclude that Shklar’s reflections harbour a literary and theoretical value that opens the door for us to think more deeply about the link between individuals and politics. Although Shklar gives us few answers, her exercises in incessant questioning of assumptions, norms and prejudices are a valuable lesson in thoughtful scepticism. From this, we can develop a greater awareness of the multiplicity of factors behind our relationship with Politics and refine the points of view that constitute this complex relationship between Self and Other.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Judith Shklar Razão Sentimento Liberalismo Realismo Injustiça Vícios Reason Feeling Liberalism Realism Injustice Vices