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Out of Sight Out of Mind: Unlawful Pushbacks at EU Borders - A Critical Examination of Human Rights Violations in the Mediterranean
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Esta dissertação contribui para o debate atual sobre a resposta da União Europeia (UE) à crise humanitária que se tem desenrolado nos últimos anos no Mediterrâneo, identificando uma tendência preocupante centrada em duas práticas: a externalização do controlo das fronteiras e de processos de asilo para países terceiros e subsequentes pushbacks ± práticas estas que vão contra o direito internacional.
Através de uma análise detalhada dos quadros jurídicos extraterritoriais concebidos para proteger os direitos dos migrantes e refugiados, este estudo salienta as graves implicações em termos de direitos humanos dos pushbacks enfrentados por aqueles que fogem de contextos de perseguição, conflito, guerra e outras situações desumanas. É argumentado que estas práticas, destinadas a dissuadir a migração irregular, refletem o incumprimento, por parte dos Estados-Membros da UE, das suas obrigações internacionais em matéria de direitos humanos e de direito dos refugiados.
A revisão de literatura, complementada por jurisprudência que oferece uma visão prática desta questão, revela que, embora os Estados tenham o direito de gerir as suas fronteiras, este direito não é absoluto, e estes não devem ignorar os seus compromissos para com o direito internacional. A dissertação sublinha que a interceção de indivíduos no mar e o seu retorno arbitrário a países terceiros com baixos níveis de direitos humanos, sem uma avaliação exaustiva das suas circunstâncias pessoais e negando-lhes o acesso a
asilo ou a outras formas de proteção internacional, constitui uma violação do direito internacional, em particular do princípio de non-refoulement. Esta dissertação sublinha a importância de os Estados-Membros da UE cumprirem plenamente as suas obrigações legais ao abrigo do direito internacional enquanto gerem as suas fronteiras, salientando que uma abordagem humana para lidar com as chegadas às margens da UE deve fazer parte do recém-aprovado Pacto em matéria de Migração e Asilo da Comissão Europeia.
Em última análise, esta dissertação defende uma abordagem de controlo de fronteiras mais humanizada e em conformidade com os direitos humanos, através do reforço de partilha equitativa de responsabilidades e solidariedade não só entre os Estados-Membros, mas também relativamente à situação dos migrantes e refugiados, para garantir que os direitos humanos são respeitados e protegidos nas fronteiras externas da
UE, preservando, simultaneamente, o sistema Europeu de direitos humanos.
This dissertation contributes to the ongoing debate on the European Unions (EU) response to the humanitarian crisis that has been unfolding for the past years in the Mediterranean, identifying a concerning trend focused on two practices: the externalisation of border control and asylum procedures to third countries, and the ensuing pushbacks - practices that are against international law. Through a detailed analysis of the extraterritorial legal frameworks designed to protect the rights of migrants and refugees, this study highlights the severe human rights implications of pushbacks faced by those fleeing persecution, conflict, war, and other ill-treatment. It argues that these practices, intended to deter irregular migration, reflect a failure of the EU and its Member States to uphold their obligations under international human rights and refugee law. The literature review, complemented by caselaw that offers practical insights into this issue, reveals that while States have the right to manage their borders, this right is not absolute, and States must not disregard their international commitments to human rights and refugee law. The dissertation emphasises that intercepting individuals at sea and arbitrarily returning them to third countries with low human rights records, without a thorough assessment of their personal circumstances and denying them access to asylum or other forms of international protection, constitutes a violation of international law, particularly the principle of non-refoulement. This work underscores the importance of EU Member States fully adhering to their legal obligations under international law while managing their borders, highlighting that a human approach to deal with the arrival on the EU's shores must be part of the newly approved European Commission's Pact on Migration and Asylum. Ultimately, this dissertation advocates for a more humane and human rights-compliant approach to border control, reinforcing solidarity not only among Member States but also in addressing the plight of migrants and refugees, to ensure that human rights are respected and protected at the EU's external borders, while preserving European human rights system.
This dissertation contributes to the ongoing debate on the European Unions (EU) response to the humanitarian crisis that has been unfolding for the past years in the Mediterranean, identifying a concerning trend focused on two practices: the externalisation of border control and asylum procedures to third countries, and the ensuing pushbacks - practices that are against international law. Through a detailed analysis of the extraterritorial legal frameworks designed to protect the rights of migrants and refugees, this study highlights the severe human rights implications of pushbacks faced by those fleeing persecution, conflict, war, and other ill-treatment. It argues that these practices, intended to deter irregular migration, reflect a failure of the EU and its Member States to uphold their obligations under international human rights and refugee law. The literature review, complemented by caselaw that offers practical insights into this issue, reveals that while States have the right to manage their borders, this right is not absolute, and States must not disregard their international commitments to human rights and refugee law. The dissertation emphasises that intercepting individuals at sea and arbitrarily returning them to third countries with low human rights records, without a thorough assessment of their personal circumstances and denying them access to asylum or other forms of international protection, constitutes a violation of international law, particularly the principle of non-refoulement. This work underscores the importance of EU Member States fully adhering to their legal obligations under international law while managing their borders, highlighting that a human approach to deal with the arrival on the EU's shores must be part of the newly approved European Commission's Pact on Migration and Asylum. Ultimately, this dissertation advocates for a more humane and human rights-compliant approach to border control, reinforcing solidarity not only among Member States but also in addressing the plight of migrants and refugees, to ensure that human rights are respected and protected at the EU's external borders, while preserving European human rights system.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
refugees human rights Migrants pushbacks principle of non-refoulement Mediterranean Externalisation of responsibility Direitos Humanos Refugiados Migrantes Pushbacks Princípio de Non-refoulement Mediterrâneo Externalização de responsabilidade