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Áreas Marinhas Protegidas Costeiras: Estudo de 2 modelos de criação e gestão
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O Ordenamento do Espaço Marítimo é um tema prioritário para Portugal, dada a dimensão do seu território marítimo. O Regulamento Europeu do Restauro da Natureza determina que os Estados-Membros devem aplicar as medidas de restauro necessárias para que, até 2030, 30% dos habitats marinhos e costeiros, alcancem o Bom Estado Ambiental. Apesar de as Áreas Marinhas Protegidas (AMPs) serem consideradas um
instrumento de ordenamento do espaço marítimo, existem algumas lacunas associadas, nomeadamente a existência de ‘paper parks’, comprometendo o objetivo central da criação de AMPs: a proteção efetiva do meio marinho. Atendendo a este objetivo, o presente estudo pretende responder à seguinte pergunta: qual o modelo de AMPs costeiras mais eficaz para garantir, simultaneamente, a proteção efetiva do meio, o equilíbrio do
desempenho das atividades que nele decorrem e a longevidade do modelo de gestão. O método de investigação utilizado foi a análise comparativa de duas AMPs diferentes: a AMP do Parque Marinho Professor Luiz Saldanha (AMP PMPLS) e a AMP de Interesse Comunitário da Pedra do Valado (AMPIC da Pedra do Valado). A escolha destas duas AMPs justifica-se pelo facto de serem as mais recentes em Portugal Continental, sendo que entre elas distam 25 anos. Realizou-se um levantamento das entidades envolvidas no
processo, dos mecanismos de financiamento existentes, identificou-se a forma de monitorização, o modelo de liderança assumido e ainda as lacunas sinalizadas até à data. Conclui-se que a eficácia do modelo de gestão de AMP depende de uma base científica sólida e de um modelo de governação eficaz, sustentado com mecanismos de financiamento adequados e passíveis de serem mantidos a longo prazo. A inexistência de
financiamento a longo prazo representou uma lacuna que comprometeu o sucesso do modelo de gestão da AMP PMLPLS. O modelo de constituição e gestão da AMPIC da Pedra do Valado, apesar de muito distinto e promissor no que respeita ao envolvimento das comunidades, não difere em relação ao financiamento. Consequentemente, analisam se mecanismos alternativos de financiamento, potencialmente capazes de assegurar estabilidade e continuidade, propondo-se um modelo misto assente em taxas para uso e visita do espaço protegido e créditos de biodiversidade.
Maritime Spatial Planning is a priority issue for Portugal, given the size of its maritime territory. The European Nature Restoration Law stipulates that Member States must implement the necessary restoration measures so that 30 per cent of marine and coastal habitats reach Good Environmental Status by 2030. Although Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are considered a maritime spatial planning instrument, there are some shortcomings associated with them, namely the existence of ‘paper parks’, jeopardising the central objective of creating MPAs: the effective protection of the marine environment. To that end, this study aims to answer the following question: what is the most effective model for coastal MPAs to simultaneously guarantee the effective protection of the environment, the balanced performance of the activities that take place in it and the longevity of the management model? The research method used was a comparative analysis of two different MPAs: the Professor Luiz Saldanha Marine Park MPA (AMP PMPLS) and the Pedra do Valado Community Interest MPA (AMPIC of Pedra do Valado). These two MPAs were chosen because they are the most recent in mainland Portugal, created 25 years apart. A survey of the entities involved in the process, the existing funding mechanisms, the form of monitoring, the leadership model and the gaps identified to date was carried out. The conclusion is that the effectiveness of the MPA management model depends on a solid scientific basis and an effective governance model, supported by adequate funding mechanisms that can be maintained in the long term. The lack of long-term funding was a shortcoming that jeopardised the success of the AMP PMPLS management model. The model for setting up and managing the AMPIC of Pedra do Valado, although very different and promising in terms of community involvement, does not differ in terms of funding. Consequently, alternative funding mechanisms are analysed, potentially capable of ensuring stability and continuity, with the proposal of a mixed model based on fees for using and visiting the protected space as well as biodiversity credits.
Maritime Spatial Planning is a priority issue for Portugal, given the size of its maritime territory. The European Nature Restoration Law stipulates that Member States must implement the necessary restoration measures so that 30 per cent of marine and coastal habitats reach Good Environmental Status by 2030. Although Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are considered a maritime spatial planning instrument, there are some shortcomings associated with them, namely the existence of ‘paper parks’, jeopardising the central objective of creating MPAs: the effective protection of the marine environment. To that end, this study aims to answer the following question: what is the most effective model for coastal MPAs to simultaneously guarantee the effective protection of the environment, the balanced performance of the activities that take place in it and the longevity of the management model? The research method used was a comparative analysis of two different MPAs: the Professor Luiz Saldanha Marine Park MPA (AMP PMPLS) and the Pedra do Valado Community Interest MPA (AMPIC of Pedra do Valado). These two MPAs were chosen because they are the most recent in mainland Portugal, created 25 years apart. A survey of the entities involved in the process, the existing funding mechanisms, the form of monitoring, the leadership model and the gaps identified to date was carried out. The conclusion is that the effectiveness of the MPA management model depends on a solid scientific basis and an effective governance model, supported by adequate funding mechanisms that can be maintained in the long term. The lack of long-term funding was a shortcoming that jeopardised the success of the AMP PMPLS management model. The model for setting up and managing the AMPIC of Pedra do Valado, although very different and promising in terms of community involvement, does not differ in terms of funding. Consequently, alternative funding mechanisms are analysed, potentially capable of ensuring stability and continuity, with the proposal of a mixed model based on fees for using and visiting the protected space as well as biodiversity credits.
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Portugal AMP Modelo de Governação Eficaz Conservação Comunidades Locais Financiamento MPAs Effective Governance Model Conservation Local Communities Funding