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A crise energética global exige alterações e a fomentação de um desenvolvimento sustentável. Dessa forma, é fundamental investir em tecnologias que possam garantir uma produção confiável de energia. Nesse contexto, o ciclo de Allam surge como uma inovação fundamental para a produção de eletricidade limpa e eficiente e apresenta características que se enquadram nas metas ambientais definidas para o futuro próximo. O estudo do ciclo de Allam foi conduzido no software Aspen Plus V11, onde se realizou a validação dos resultados para assegurar a precisão da simulação. Os resultados demonstram que o ciclo de Allam apresenta aproximadamente um consumo específico de 116 kg/MW de gás natural e 462 kg/MW de oxigénio, independentemente da capacidade energética do ciclo. Entre os parâmetros analisados, concluiu-se que a temperatura ideal para a combustão do gás natural é de 1 150ºC, o ciclo opera de forma mais rentável com temperaturas inferiores nos permutadores tubulares de calor, aumentar o reciclo prejudica a eficiência do processo e a temperatura de saída do recuperador de calor deve ser definida para 65ºC. Para otimizar a produção de energia na unidade de PTA, foram considerados quatro cenários com capacidades do ciclo de Allam de 5 MW, 10 MW, 15 MW e 50 MW. Cada cenário incluiu uma tecnologia adicional de produção de vapor. O cenário de 50 MW, que envolve a substituição do sistema de cogeração existente por uma nova caldeira de vapor, destacou-se como o mais vantajoso. Sob uma perspetiva otimista dos preços comercializados, apresentou um balanço de operação por hora de 1 770 €/h e um período de recuperação de capital de 10 anos e 1 mês. Na análise aos preços praticados no passado e às previsões para o futuro, o cenário dos 50 MW também apresentou os melhores resultados, sendo por isso o cenário escolhido para ser implementado na unidade de PTA. Por fim, um estudo ao preço do gás natural e ao preço da eletricidade revelou que o ciclo de Allam se torna rentável quando o preço do gás natural em relação à eletricidade excede um rácio de cerca de 0,4-0,45. Em suma, a produção de eletricidade a partir do ciclo de Allam não apenas contribui para a sustentabilidade, mas também oferece vantagens económicas significativas em comparação com sistemas convencionais de cogeração.
The global energy crisis requires changes and the promotion of sustainable development. It is therefore essential to invest in technologies that can guarantee reliable energy production. In this context, the Allam cycle has emerged as a fundamental innovation for the production of clean and efficient electricity and has characteristics that fit in with the environmental goals set for the near future. The study of the Allam cycle was conducted in the Aspen Plus V11 software, where the results were validated to ensure the accuracy of the simulation. The results show that the Allam cycle has a specific consumption of approximately 116 kg/MW of natural gas and 462 kg/MW of oxygen, regardless of the cycle's energy capacity. Among the parameters analysed, it was concluded that the ideal temperature for natural gas combustion is 1,150ºC, the cycle operates more profitably with lower temperatures in the tubular heat exchangers, increasing the recycle harms the efficiency of the process and the outlet temperature of the heat recovery unit should be set to 65ºC. To optimise energy production at the PTA plant, four scenarios were considered with Allam cycle capacities of 5 MW, 10 MW, 15 MW and 50 MW. Each scenario included an additional steam production technology. The 50 MW scenario, which involves replacing the existing cogeneration system with a new steam boiler, stood out as the most advantageous. From an optimistic perspective of commercialised prices, it showed an operating balance per hour of €1,770/h and a payback period of 10 years and 1 month. When analysing past prices and future forecasts, the 50 MW scenario also showed the best results and was therefore chosen to be implemented at the PTA plant. Finally, a study of the price of natural gas and the price of electricity revealed that the Allam cycle becomes profitable when the price of natural gas in relation to electricity exceeds a ratio of around 0.4-0.45. Overall, the production of electricity from the Allam cycle not only contributes to sustainability, but also offers significant economic advantages compared to conventional cogeneration systems.
The global energy crisis requires changes and the promotion of sustainable development. It is therefore essential to invest in technologies that can guarantee reliable energy production. In this context, the Allam cycle has emerged as a fundamental innovation for the production of clean and efficient electricity and has characteristics that fit in with the environmental goals set for the near future. The study of the Allam cycle was conducted in the Aspen Plus V11 software, where the results were validated to ensure the accuracy of the simulation. The results show that the Allam cycle has a specific consumption of approximately 116 kg/MW of natural gas and 462 kg/MW of oxygen, regardless of the cycle's energy capacity. Among the parameters analysed, it was concluded that the ideal temperature for natural gas combustion is 1,150ºC, the cycle operates more profitably with lower temperatures in the tubular heat exchangers, increasing the recycle harms the efficiency of the process and the outlet temperature of the heat recovery unit should be set to 65ºC. To optimise energy production at the PTA plant, four scenarios were considered with Allam cycle capacities of 5 MW, 10 MW, 15 MW and 50 MW. Each scenario included an additional steam production technology. The 50 MW scenario, which involves replacing the existing cogeneration system with a new steam boiler, stood out as the most advantageous. From an optimistic perspective of commercialised prices, it showed an operating balance per hour of €1,770/h and a payback period of 10 years and 1 month. When analysing past prices and future forecasts, the 50 MW scenario also showed the best results and was therefore chosen to be implemented at the PTA plant. Finally, a study of the price of natural gas and the price of electricity revealed that the Allam cycle becomes profitable when the price of natural gas in relation to electricity exceeds a ratio of around 0.4-0.45. Overall, the production of electricity from the Allam cycle not only contributes to sustainability, but also offers significant economic advantages compared to conventional cogeneration systems.
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Dióxido de Carbono Energia Ciclo de Allam Análises de sensibilidade Gás natural Eletricidade
