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A infância das crianças : uma análise da ideia de infância segundo o processo do devir e o fenómeno da concordância afectiva
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Esta pesquisa procura reunir as condições de possibilidade para se poder pensar na
ideia Infância enquanto diferente, i.e., para lá da esfera da Imitação, mediante a busca e a
análise de conceitos adequados. Segundo uma análise do processos de devir em Deleuze e
do fenómeno da concordância afectiva em Daniel Stern, deduzir-se-á sobre o estatuto
ontológico da Infância. A análise do conceito de devir, nomeadamente, o devir-cavalo do
pequeno Hans (interpretado por Freud) estabelece uma distinção entre a infância e o
domínio da representação. Segundo a descrição de Deleuze, a maneira como a criança lida
com o cavalo, não resulta de uma representação, mas da construção de um plano de
composição, onde os afectos do cavalo se irão conectar com os da criança, segundo um
agenciamento. Como tal, deduzir-se-á sobre o processo de devir como reenviando para a
diferença. Por sua vez, os estudos de Stern em torno do fenómeno da concordância
afectiva, mostram-nos como certos comportamentos dos bebés não resultam da mera
Imitação, mas da experiencia directa, situada num campo pré-verbal e pré-cognitivo. Os
bebés estão predispostos a traduzir de um sentido para o outro aquilo que ressentem e,
desta forma, poderem partilhar com a sua mãe aquilo que ressentem. A partir desses
resultados sobre o fenómeno da concordância afectiva, irá deduzir-se sobre a necessidade
de o situar no domínio das forças, o qual também reenvia para a diferença. Em terceiro
lugar, com base na descrição de José Gil a respeito do processo de devir-criança em
Caeiro, será estabelecida, por um lado, uma distinção entre o processo de devir-criança e a
memória e, por outro, entre o tempo Cronos e o tempo Aîon. Não se trata da criança
evoluir na direcção do adulto, mas de devir-criança independentemente da idade, o que
obriga a uma transformação do tempo cronológico. Desta maneira, serão igualmente
reunidas as condições que permitem fazer coexistir a criança e o adulto num mesmo plano,
o plano de Infância, apesar destes se constituírem como seres heterógenos. A última parte
deste trabalho pretende efectuar uma abordagem filosófica às perguntas das crianças
partindo dos resultados das análises anteriores. Seguindo a análise das perguntas-máquina,
em Mille Plateaux, de Deleuze, será estabelecida uma distinção entre uma interpretação
(daquilo que as crianças dizem) segundo as teorias da psicanálise e uma experimentação.
Por último, partindo de um texto filosófico da autoria de uma criança de oito anos,
deduziremos sobre a necessidade de entrar num movimento de devir-criança, para se
poder aceder à compreensão das perguntas inerentes ao texto da Mariana. Em jeito de
conclusão, será distinguido o estatuto ontológico da Infância, da criança tomada a partir
das fases ou das etapas do desenvolvimento e enquanto estado psicológico.
This research seeks to gather the conditions of possibility to conceive the idea of Childhood as different, i.e., beyond the sphere of Imitation, by searching and surveying the appropriate concepts. Following an examination of the processes of becoming in Deleuze and the phenomenon of affective agreement in Daniel Stern, conclusions will be drawn as to the ontological status of Childhood. The analysis of the concept of becoming, namely, little Hans’ becoming-horse (interpreted by Freud), establishes a distinction between childhood and the domain of representation. On Deleuze’s account, the way in which the child deals with the horse does not issue from a representation but from the making of a plan of composition, where the horses’ affects will connect with those of the child, according to an assemblage. Thus, a conclusion will be arrived at concerning the process of becoming as pointing towards difference. In turn, Stern’s studies on the phenomenon of affective agreement show us how certain infant behaviours are not the result of mere Imitation but rather of direct experience, placed within a pre-verbal and sub-cognitive field. Babies are predisposed to translate from one sense into another what they refeel and are thus able to share it with their mothers. We will argue from those results on the phenomenon of affective agreement to the need of placing it within the domain of forces, which also points towards difference. Thirdly, based on José Gil’s description of the process of becoming-child in Caeiro, it will be drawn, on the one hand, a distinction between the process of becoming-child and memory and, on the other hand, between Chronos time and Aion time. It is not a matter of the child evolving towards adulthood, but rather of its becoming-child regardless of age, which compels a transformation of chronological time. In this way, we will also gather the conditions allowing the coexistence of child and adult within a same plane, the plane of Childhood, despite their both being constituted as heterogeneous beings. The final part of this work attempts a philosophical approach to questions posed by children, drawing on the results of previous analyses. Following the analysis of the machine-questions in Deleuze’s Mille Plateaux, a distinction will be made between an interpretation (of what children say) according to psychoanalytical theories and an experimentation. Finally, from a philosophical text written by an eight year old, we shall draw conclusions as to the need of going into a movement of becoming-child, in order to achieve understanding of the questions inherent to Mariana’s text. In guise of conclusion, we will distinguish between the ontological status of Childhood, of the child taken from the stages or steps of development and as a psychological state.
This research seeks to gather the conditions of possibility to conceive the idea of Childhood as different, i.e., beyond the sphere of Imitation, by searching and surveying the appropriate concepts. Following an examination of the processes of becoming in Deleuze and the phenomenon of affective agreement in Daniel Stern, conclusions will be drawn as to the ontological status of Childhood. The analysis of the concept of becoming, namely, little Hans’ becoming-horse (interpreted by Freud), establishes a distinction between childhood and the domain of representation. On Deleuze’s account, the way in which the child deals with the horse does not issue from a representation but from the making of a plan of composition, where the horses’ affects will connect with those of the child, according to an assemblage. Thus, a conclusion will be arrived at concerning the process of becoming as pointing towards difference. In turn, Stern’s studies on the phenomenon of affective agreement show us how certain infant behaviours are not the result of mere Imitation but rather of direct experience, placed within a pre-verbal and sub-cognitive field. Babies are predisposed to translate from one sense into another what they refeel and are thus able to share it with their mothers. We will argue from those results on the phenomenon of affective agreement to the need of placing it within the domain of forces, which also points towards difference. Thirdly, based on José Gil’s description of the process of becoming-child in Caeiro, it will be drawn, on the one hand, a distinction between the process of becoming-child and memory and, on the other hand, between Chronos time and Aion time. It is not a matter of the child evolving towards adulthood, but rather of its becoming-child regardless of age, which compels a transformation of chronological time. In this way, we will also gather the conditions allowing the coexistence of child and adult within a same plane, the plane of Childhood, despite their both being constituted as heterogeneous beings. The final part of this work attempts a philosophical approach to questions posed by children, drawing on the results of previous analyses. Following the analysis of the machine-questions in Deleuze’s Mille Plateaux, a distinction will be made between an interpretation (of what children say) according to psychoanalytical theories and an experimentation. Finally, from a philosophical text written by an eight year old, we shall draw conclusions as to the need of going into a movement of becoming-child, in order to achieve understanding of the questions inherent to Mariana’s text. In guise of conclusion, we will distinguish between the ontological status of Childhood, of the child taken from the stages or steps of development and as a psychological state.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Infância Devir Concordância afectiva Perguntas -máquina Childhood Becoming Affective agreement Machine-questions