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Relatório de Estágio Curricular no Juízo Central Criminal de Lisboa: A metamorfose da perda do valor incongruente
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O presente relatório de estágio procura examinar a eficácia do mecanismo de perda previsto na Lei n.º 5/2002 quando confrontado com a evolução da criminalidade organizada e económico-financeira, especialmente no contexto do uso crescente de criptoativos. Pretende-se com este estudo compreender o comportamento do mecanismo do confisco de valor incongruente perante este novo cenário e propor soluções para os casos em que se dá a extinção da responsabilidade criminal durante o processo penal.
Primeiramente, será apresentado o percurso histórico das disposições confiscatórias do C.P. e da Lei n.º 5/2002. Em seguida, é analisada a natureza esdrúxula deste mecanismo, bem como as hodiernas transformações na criminalidade organizada e económico-financeira, incluindo o uso, cada vez mais frequente, de criptoativos para a prática de atividades ilícitas e a sua implicação para a perda. Desta forma, são analisadas as fases de arresto, liquidação e confisco de criptoativos, considerando tanto as técnicas tradicionais quanto as soluções exigidas por esta tecnologia.
Além disso, abordamos a resposta do confisco “alargado” aos casos de extinção da responsabilidade criminal, abordando questões relacionadas à morte do arguido, prescrição e outras circunstâncias que podem impedir a condenação e, consequentemente, a aplicação da perda do valor incongruente. São apresentados modelos alternativos já implementados em alguns países e que ganham destaque na discussão doutrinal atual.
Embora a Lei n.º 5/2002 pareça responder de forma generalizada à evolução da criminalidade organizada e económico-financeira, não podemos esquecer que deve existir uma abordagem multifacetada, que combine as atualizações legislativas necessárias e a cooperação internacional.
This internship report examines the effectiveness of the confiscation mechanism of Lei n. º 5/2002 when faced with the evolution of organised and economic-financial crime, especially in the context of the growing use of crypto-assets. This study investigates how the mechanism of incongruous value confiscation behaves in the face of this change and proposes solutions for cases in which criminal liability is extinguished. Firstly, the history of the confiscatory provisions of Lei n.º 5/2002 is explored. Next, the nature of this odd mechanism is analysed, as well as the changes in organised and economic-financial crime, including the increasingly frequent use of crypto assets for illicit activities and their implications for confiscation. In this way, the phases of seizure, liquidation, and confiscation of crypto-assets are analysed, considering both traditional techniques and the solutions required by this technology. In addition, we address the situation of confiscation in the event of the extinction of criminal liability, addressing issues related to the death of the defendant and other circumstances that may prevent the application of conviction and, consequently, confiscation. We present alternative models that have already been implemented in some countries and that have gained prominence in the current doctrinal discussion. Although Lei n. º 5/2002 seems to be a general response to the evolution of organised and economic-financial crime, the truth is that we must not forget that there must be a multifaceted approach, combining the necessary legislative updates and international cooperation.
This internship report examines the effectiveness of the confiscation mechanism of Lei n. º 5/2002 when faced with the evolution of organised and economic-financial crime, especially in the context of the growing use of crypto-assets. This study investigates how the mechanism of incongruous value confiscation behaves in the face of this change and proposes solutions for cases in which criminal liability is extinguished. Firstly, the history of the confiscatory provisions of Lei n.º 5/2002 is explored. Next, the nature of this odd mechanism is analysed, as well as the changes in organised and economic-financial crime, including the increasingly frequent use of crypto assets for illicit activities and their implications for confiscation. In this way, the phases of seizure, liquidation, and confiscation of crypto-assets are analysed, considering both traditional techniques and the solutions required by this technology. In addition, we address the situation of confiscation in the event of the extinction of criminal liability, addressing issues related to the death of the defendant and other circumstances that may prevent the application of conviction and, consequently, confiscation. We present alternative models that have already been implemented in some countries and that have gained prominence in the current doctrinal discussion. Although Lei n. º 5/2002 seems to be a general response to the evolution of organised and economic-financial crime, the truth is that we must not forget that there must be a multifaceted approach, combining the necessary legislative updates and international cooperation.
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Vítima confisco extinção da responsabilidade criminal Criptoativos perda alargada de bens confiscation extended asset forfeiture cryptoasset extinction of criminal liability victim