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Measuring the universality of Scandinavian welfare states in the context of an aging population (1990-2019)
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This thesis examines the degree of universality of Scandinavian welfare states between 1990 and
2019, providing evidence challenging the claim of declining universality. The evaluation is
strengthened by employing the QWEST Index to analyze country-level data on socioeconomic
indicators, offering a more granular inspection than the current literature. The following analysis
reveals diverging trends among socioeconomic indicators and the overall degree of universality in
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. These trends are attributed to policy reforms influenced by
historical economic context and national priorities emphasizing equality and social inclusion
provided by the welfare state.
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Welfare state Scandinavia Universality Qwest index Policy reform