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A concordância do verbo ser em estruturas clivadas do português europeu
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O português é uma língua românica que dispõe de um conjunto rico de estruturas clivadas. Muitos autores já têm investigado várias propostas destinadas ao estudo das propriedades sintáticas, discursivas e pragmáticas das estruturas clivadas. Este trabalho pretende centrar-se na concordância do verbo ser em estruturas clivadas canónicas e pseudoclivadas básicas. Com base na descrição de Martins & Lobo (2020), no capítulo sobre construções de foco e clivagem, que integra o terceiro volume da Gramática de Raposo et al. (2020), editada pela Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, procuramos verificar: i) qual é o padrão de concordância do verbo ser nas duas estruturas clivadas que preferem os falantes nativos de português europeu (PE); ii) se há variação na concordância do verbo ser dependendo da função sintática do constituinte clivado; e iii) se há variação na concordância dependendo do tipo de estruturas clivadas. Para obter os dados dos participantes, realizou-se um questionário por meio do Google Forms online. Com os resultados obtidos, chegamos à conclusão de que: i) os falantes de PE preferem que o verbo ser concorde com o constituinte clivado se este for um DP plural nos dois tipos de estruturas clivadas; ii) nos casos em que o constituinte clivado tem a função sintática de sujeito, os falantes preferem sempre a concordância do verbo ser, no entanto, quando o constituinte clivado tem uma função sintática de complemento direto nas duas estruturas, os falantes mostram padrões mais complexos, com uma maior taxa de aceitação do verbo no plural; iii) nas estruturas clivadas canónicas, quase todas as respostas apresentam uma taxa de aceitação da concordância do verbo ser quando o sujeito é clivado, enquanto, quando o complemento direto é clivado, 30% das respostas aceitam a não-concordância e 70% das respostas aceitam a concordância. Nas pseudoclivadas básicas, os falantes também manifestam uma esmagadora taxa de aceitação de frases em que o verbo ser concorda com o constituinte clivado com a função sintática de sujeito. Contudo, 92% das respostas consideram aceitáveis as frases em que o verbo ser concorda com o constituinte clivado que é sintaticamente complemento direto, e 35% das respostas aceitam a não-concordância. Consequentemente, os falantes aceitam mais a concordância nas estruturas pseudoclivadas básicas do que nas clivadas canónicas.
Portuguese is a Romance language that has a rich set of cleft structures. Many authors have already investigated various proposals aimed at studying the syntactic, discursive and pragmatic properties of cleft structures. In this dissertation, we intend to focus on the agreement of the copular verb “ser” in canonical cleft structures and basic pseudo-cleft structures. Based on the description of Martins and Lobo (2020), in the chapter on focus and cleft constructions, which is part of the third volume of the Portuguese Grammar by Raposo et al. (2020), edited by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, we investigated: i) what is the preferred agreement pattern of the verb “ser” in the two cleft structures among native speakers of European Portuguese (EP); ii) whether there is variation in the agreement of the verb “ser” depending on the syntactic function of the clefted constituent; and iii) whether there is variation in agreement depending on the type of cleft structure. To collect data, a questionnaire was carried out with Google Forms online. The results allowed us to reach the following conclusions: i) EP speakers prefer that the verb “ser” agrees with the clefted constituent if it is a plural DP in both types of cleft structures; ii) in cases where the clefted constituent has the syntactic function of subject, speakers always prefer the agreement of the verb “ser”, however when the clefted constituent has a syntactic function of direct complement, speakers show more complex patterns of agreement in both structures; iii) in the canonical cleft structures, almost all the answers show acceptance of agreement of verb “ser” when the subject is clefted, while 30% of the answers accept non-agreement and 70% of the answers accept agreement when the direct complement is clefted. In basic pseudo-cleft structures, it also shows overwhelming acceptability for sentences in which the verb “ser” agrees with the clefted constituent that has the syntactic function of subject. However, 92% of responses consider sentences in which the verb “ser” agrees with the clefted constituent that is syntactically the direct complement to be acceptable, and 35% of responses accept non-agreement of verb “ser”. As a result, speakers are accepting agreement of verb “ser” in basic pseudo-cleft structures more often than in canonical cleft structures.
Portuguese is a Romance language that has a rich set of cleft structures. Many authors have already investigated various proposals aimed at studying the syntactic, discursive and pragmatic properties of cleft structures. In this dissertation, we intend to focus on the agreement of the copular verb “ser” in canonical cleft structures and basic pseudo-cleft structures. Based on the description of Martins and Lobo (2020), in the chapter on focus and cleft constructions, which is part of the third volume of the Portuguese Grammar by Raposo et al. (2020), edited by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, we investigated: i) what is the preferred agreement pattern of the verb “ser” in the two cleft structures among native speakers of European Portuguese (EP); ii) whether there is variation in the agreement of the verb “ser” depending on the syntactic function of the clefted constituent; and iii) whether there is variation in agreement depending on the type of cleft structure. To collect data, a questionnaire was carried out with Google Forms online. The results allowed us to reach the following conclusions: i) EP speakers prefer that the verb “ser” agrees with the clefted constituent if it is a plural DP in both types of cleft structures; ii) in cases where the clefted constituent has the syntactic function of subject, speakers always prefer the agreement of the verb “ser”, however when the clefted constituent has a syntactic function of direct complement, speakers show more complex patterns of agreement in both structures; iii) in the canonical cleft structures, almost all the answers show acceptance of agreement of verb “ser” when the subject is clefted, while 30% of the answers accept non-agreement and 70% of the answers accept agreement when the direct complement is clefted. In basic pseudo-cleft structures, it also shows overwhelming acceptability for sentences in which the verb “ser” agrees with the clefted constituent that has the syntactic function of subject. However, 92% of responses consider sentences in which the verb “ser” agrees with the clefted constituent that is syntactically the direct complement to be acceptable, and 35% of responses accept non-agreement of verb “ser”. As a result, speakers are accepting agreement of verb “ser” in basic pseudo-cleft structures more often than in canonical cleft structures.
Descrição
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Concordância verbal Verbo copulativo ser Estruturas clivadas Estruturas clivadas canónicas Estruturas pseudoclivadas Verbal agreement Copular verb “ser” Cleft structures Canonical cleft structures Pseudo-cleft structures