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Entre Tártaros, Missionários e Piratas: Macau durante a transição dinástica chinesa (1642-1662)
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Anteriormente um dos mais prósperos estabelecimentos portugueses na Ásia, Macau enfrentou, em meados do século XVII, uma série de desafios que colocaram em risco a sobrevivência da cidade. O encerramento do lucrativo comércio com o Japão em 1639 somado às dificuldades nas relações entre Macau e Manila resultante do rompimento entre Portugal e Castela, assim como a tomada de Malaca pelos neerlandeses em 1641, expuseram o estabelecimento português na China a uma situação bastante delicada. Não obstante tais infortúnios, a situação dessa cidade seria agravada pelos conflitos que se seguiram ao fim do poder imperial dos Ming em 1644, quando os herdeiros da dinastia deposta deram origem a um movimento restauracionista, mergulhando o império em uma guerra civil. O conflito chinês e a contínua ameaça representada pelos neerlandeses impactaram de diferentes formas a cidade de Macau, o que pôs à prova a resiliência dos atores capazes de influenciar o seu destino, nomeadamente a sua elite mercantil representada pelo Senado e a Companhia de Jesus, cujos padres acompanharam de perto o desenrolar do conflito e serviram muitas vezes de elo entre o estabelecimento português e os poderes então constituídos no império chinês. É essa excepcional conjuntura, assim como as iniciativas e soluções encontradas por esses importantes segmentos da sociedade macaense que serão analisadas nesta dissertação.
Formerly one of the most prosperous Portuguese establishments in Asia, Macau faced a series of challenges in the mid-17th century that put the city’s survival at risk. The Portuguese settlement in China was placed in a very delicate situation due to the closure of trade with Japan in 1639, the difficulties in relations between Macau and Manila caused by the break between Portugal and Castile, as well as the takeover of Malacca by the Dutch in 1641. Adding to these misfortunes, the city’s situation would be worsened by the conflicts that followed at the end of Ming imperial power in 1644, when the dynasty’s heirs led a restorationist movement, plunging the empire into civil war. The Chinese conflict and the continuous threat posed by the Dutch impacted Macau in several different ways, which tested the resilience of the actors capable of influencing the city’s destiny, namely its mercantile elite represented by the Senate and the Society of Jesus, whose priests closely followed the development of the conflict and often served as a link between the Portuguese settlement and the powers in dispute in the Chinese empire. It is this exceptional situation, as well as the initiatives and solutions found by these important segments of Macanese society that will be analyzed in this dissertation.
Formerly one of the most prosperous Portuguese establishments in Asia, Macau faced a series of challenges in the mid-17th century that put the city’s survival at risk. The Portuguese settlement in China was placed in a very delicate situation due to the closure of trade with Japan in 1639, the difficulties in relations between Macau and Manila caused by the break between Portugal and Castile, as well as the takeover of Malacca by the Dutch in 1641. Adding to these misfortunes, the city’s situation would be worsened by the conflicts that followed at the end of Ming imperial power in 1644, when the dynasty’s heirs led a restorationist movement, plunging the empire into civil war. The Chinese conflict and the continuous threat posed by the Dutch impacted Macau in several different ways, which tested the resilience of the actors capable of influencing the city’s destiny, namely its mercantile elite represented by the Senate and the Society of Jesus, whose priests closely followed the development of the conflict and often served as a link between the Portuguese settlement and the powers in dispute in the Chinese empire. It is this exceptional situation, as well as the initiatives and solutions found by these important segments of Macanese society that will be analyzed in this dissertation.
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Império Português Macau Jesuítas Dinastia Ming Ming do Sul Dinastia Qing Portuguese Empire Jesuits Ming dynasty Southern Ming Qing dynasty