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A dimensão internacional da justiça de transição, reflexos na memória coletiva e na identidade nacional
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A identidade nacional é uma construção baseada na interação social. Não dá apenas significado à forma como uma sociedade se organiza, pautando quais os comportamentos que são legítimos, estando a sua continuidade também dependente de dita organização social. Dada a sua dimensão social, a identidade nacional não pode ser entendida como imutável. Líderes políticos que pretendam a continuidade de um projeto identitário devem dedicar um constante esforço para a reprodução do mesmo. Esse esforço está associado à memória coletiva, ou seja, à construção e socialização de símbolos associados ao passado comum da nação. Os integrantes da nação não recebem, no entanto, essas imagens institucionalizadas do grupo de forma passiva. Não sendo a identidade nacional estática, a memória pode também estar associada à transformação do projeto identitário. Novos símbolos podem ser criados para legitimar as novas formas de identidade nacional. Assim, acredita-se que a partir de eventos pautados pela violência podem ser formados símbolos que culminam numa sociedade onde esses eventos não terão lugar. A memória do trauma, de um evento que deixa marcas na consciência do grupo e altera a sua identidade futura (Alexander, 2004, p 1) pode, assim, oferecer lições. No entanto, um evento não é inerentemente traumático. Resulta do significado a si associado – processo altamente dependente do contexto onde é construído. A justiça de transição procura, com a aplicação de um conjunto de mecanismos, determinar o significado que eventos de cariz violento assumem na memória coletiva de um Estado. A evolução do campo dotou-o de uma dimensão internacional, passando a atuar segundo obrigações e padrões internacionais, tendo a ONU expandido o seu controlo sobre o mesmo. Dita evolução culminou, do mesmo modo, na normalização da sua aplicação nos contextos de transição. A aplicação de mecanismos de justiça de transição deriva assim de entendimentos comuns, externos ao Estado cuja memória coletiva se pretende moldar. Esta dissertação procura entender de que forma a justiça de transição, ao assumir uma dimensão internacional, consegue influenciar o significado que um evento tido como traumático assume na memória coletiva de um Estado em transição. Tal esforço apoia-se numa abordagem multidisciplinar que interliga literatura associada a estudos de memória, identidade nacional e teoria das relações internacionais, assim como dados empíricos associados ao campo da justiça de transição. Entender como os mecanismos de justiça de transição influenciam a construção do significado que um evento tido como traumático tem na memória coletiva de um Estado em transição implica uma análise da dinâmica de interação entre as estruturas internacionais e domésticas. Independentemente do sentido do evento tido como traumático que se pretende dotar pelos mecanismos de justiça de transição, é necessário entender como as estruturas internas, das quais a produção de identidade nacional depende, interagirão com esse significado que se pretende construir por atores externos ao contexto nacional. Esta dissertação analisa o significado que os mecanismos de justiça de transição ganham perante as estruturas domésticas de um Estado em transição e como esse significado determina a incorporação dos eventos tidos como traumáticos na memória coletiva desse mesmo Estado.
National Identity is a construction based on social interaction. Not only does it give meaning to the structures that organize a society, determining what behaviour is legitimate, the continuity of national identity is also dependent on said social structures. Given its social dimension, national identity cannot be understood as an unchanging truth. Political leaders that strive for the continuity of an identity project must engage in a constant endeavour that guarantees the reproduction of said project. That effort is intertwined with collective memory, through the construction and socialization of symbols from a nation’s common past. Members of those nations will not, however, receive the institutionalized images of the group passively. National identity is not static, which means the collective memory that it is based upon can be linked to its transformation. Symbols may be built to legitimize the reorganization of national identity. Consequently, it is believed that events marked by violence may become symbols that act as links to a society where those same events will not occur. From the memory of trauma, an event that leaves a mark in the groups’ consciousness and alters its future identity (Alexander, 2004, p1), lessons may be learnt. However, an event is not inherently traumatic. The construction of trauma depends on the meaning that is to be associated with said event – a process that is entrenched in the context of said construction. Transitional justice aims, through a set of mechanisms, to determine the meaning that events marked by violence have in the collective memory of a State. The field has evolved, becoming a global project. It operates based on international obligations and standards and has had the UN assert its control over it. Additionally, it had been normalized in contexts of transition. How transitional justice operates is therefore a result of common understandings external to the States whose collective memory the international agents intend to shape. This dissertation aims to understand how transitional justice, by assuming an international dimension, can influence the meaning that an event understood as traumatic has in the collective memory of a transitional State. We adopted a multidisciplinary approach that intertwines literatures from memory studies, national identity studies and theory of international relations, as well as empirical data associated with the application of transitional justice. Grasping how transitional justice influences the meaning an event understood as traumatic has in the collective memory of a transitional State requires an analysis of the dynamics of the interaction between international and domestic structures. Regardless of the meaning that it is intended to be attached to an event by mechanisms of transitional justice, it is necessary to understand how the internal structures of a State, that give meaning to its national identity, will interact with the external actors that want to shape its collective memory. This dissertation analyses how transitional justice gains meaning in the domestic structures of a transitional State, and how said meaning can determine the way the events understood as traumatic are incorporated in the collective memory of the State.
National Identity is a construction based on social interaction. Not only does it give meaning to the structures that organize a society, determining what behaviour is legitimate, the continuity of national identity is also dependent on said social structures. Given its social dimension, national identity cannot be understood as an unchanging truth. Political leaders that strive for the continuity of an identity project must engage in a constant endeavour that guarantees the reproduction of said project. That effort is intertwined with collective memory, through the construction and socialization of symbols from a nation’s common past. Members of those nations will not, however, receive the institutionalized images of the group passively. National identity is not static, which means the collective memory that it is based upon can be linked to its transformation. Symbols may be built to legitimize the reorganization of national identity. Consequently, it is believed that events marked by violence may become symbols that act as links to a society where those same events will not occur. From the memory of trauma, an event that leaves a mark in the groups’ consciousness and alters its future identity (Alexander, 2004, p1), lessons may be learnt. However, an event is not inherently traumatic. The construction of trauma depends on the meaning that is to be associated with said event – a process that is entrenched in the context of said construction. Transitional justice aims, through a set of mechanisms, to determine the meaning that events marked by violence have in the collective memory of a State. The field has evolved, becoming a global project. It operates based on international obligations and standards and has had the UN assert its control over it. Additionally, it had been normalized in contexts of transition. How transitional justice operates is therefore a result of common understandings external to the States whose collective memory the international agents intend to shape. This dissertation aims to understand how transitional justice, by assuming an international dimension, can influence the meaning that an event understood as traumatic has in the collective memory of a transitional State. We adopted a multidisciplinary approach that intertwines literatures from memory studies, national identity studies and theory of international relations, as well as empirical data associated with the application of transitional justice. Grasping how transitional justice influences the meaning an event understood as traumatic has in the collective memory of a transitional State requires an analysis of the dynamics of the interaction between international and domestic structures. Regardless of the meaning that it is intended to be attached to an event by mechanisms of transitional justice, it is necessary to understand how the internal structures of a State, that give meaning to its national identity, will interact with the external actors that want to shape its collective memory. This dissertation analyses how transitional justice gains meaning in the domestic structures of a transitional State, and how said meaning can determine the way the events understood as traumatic are incorporated in the collective memory of the State.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Identidade nacional Memória coletiva Justiça de transição National identity Collective memory Transitional justice