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Segurança Energética na política externa de Marrocos
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O presente relatório foi elaborado a partir das atividades desenvolvidas na Direção Geral da Política Externa, Direção de Serviços do Médio Oriente e Magrebe, entre outubro 2022 e abril 2023, e encerra a componente não letiva do Mestrado em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais. Entre outras matérias, o estágio abrangeu o acompanhamento das relações luso marroquinas e a política externa do Reino de Marrocos perante a União Europeia e Argélia, dando um impulso para esta investigação. O relatório explanou as prioridades e as ações da política externa económico energética do Reino de Marrocos, no período entre 2000 e 2022, e na persecução do interesse nacional, definido em termos da segurança energética, integridade territorial, liderança regional e importância intercontinental. Recorrendo à teoria neorrealista clássica e à abordagem histórica, foram analisadas as dinâmicas de cooperação e de conflitualidade no sistema regional de Marrocos, as capacidades internas e os elementos da cultura estatal, de forma a explicar a política externa marroquina desenhada para garantir a segurança energética nacional. O estudo do caso do gasoduto Nigéria Marrocos ilustrou estas dinâmicas num projeto concreto e atual. A investigação evidenciou que as reformas internas e os programas de desenvolvimento, introduzidos pelo novo líder do Estado, o Rei Mohammed VI, procuraram incrementar as capacidades materiais internas, nomeadamente, a capacidade de mobilização de recursos e de produção de energia. Por seu turno, as mudanças na política externa, sobretudo a cooperação independentemente do reconhecimento da integridade territorial marroquina, favoreceram a integração energética e a afirmação regional do Estado. Por fim, a cultura estratégica nacional e organizacional orientou a política externa energética para a persecução do interesse nacional mais abrangente, acima definido.
Este trabalho enfatiza que Marrocos se está a afirmar enquanto parceiro estratégico da União Europeia, no domínio das energias renováveis, e como potencial líder regional em Magrebe e na África Ocidental pelos avanços tecnológicos e projetos em colaboração no setor renovável, e pelo desenvolvimento económico local potencialmente providenciado pela construção e exploração do gasoduto Nigéria Marrocos.
This report was prepared from the activities carried out in the General Direction for Foreign Affairs, in the Direction of Services for Middle East and Maghreb, between October 2022 and April 2023, and represents a final milestone project for conclusion of master’s degree in Political Science and International Relations. Among other matters, the internship included the monitoring of relations of Morocco towards Portugal, the European Union and Algeria, giving an impetus to this research. The report explained the priorities and the actions of the economic and energy foreign policy of the Kingdom of Morocco, between 2000 and 2022, in pursuit of national interest, defined in terms of energy security, territorial integrity, regional leadership and intercontinental importance. Using the classical neorealist theory and the historical approach, the dynamics of cooperation and conflict in the regional system of Morocco were analysed, as well as the internal capacities and elements of state culture, to explain Moroccan foreign policy designed to ensure national energy security. The case study of Nigeria-Morocco gas pipeline illustrated these dynamics in a concrete and recent project. The investigation showed that the internal reforms and the development programs introduced by the new leader of the state, King Mohammed VI, sought to increase the internal material capacities, namely, the capacity to mobilize resources and energy production. In its turn, changes in the foreign policy, especially cooperation regardless of the recognition of Moroccan territorial integrity, favoured energy integration and regional affirmation of the state. Finally, the national and organizational strategic culture guided the energy foreign policy to pursue a broader national interest, defined above. This work emphasizes that Morocco is positioning itself as a strategic partner of the European Union in the field of renewable energies and as a potential regional leader in the Maghreb and West Africa, due to its technological advances and collaborative projects in the renewable sector, and the local economic development potentially provided by the construction and exploitation of Nigeria-Morocco gas pipeline.
This report was prepared from the activities carried out in the General Direction for Foreign Affairs, in the Direction of Services for Middle East and Maghreb, between October 2022 and April 2023, and represents a final milestone project for conclusion of master’s degree in Political Science and International Relations. Among other matters, the internship included the monitoring of relations of Morocco towards Portugal, the European Union and Algeria, giving an impetus to this research. The report explained the priorities and the actions of the economic and energy foreign policy of the Kingdom of Morocco, between 2000 and 2022, in pursuit of national interest, defined in terms of energy security, territorial integrity, regional leadership and intercontinental importance. Using the classical neorealist theory and the historical approach, the dynamics of cooperation and conflict in the regional system of Morocco were analysed, as well as the internal capacities and elements of state culture, to explain Moroccan foreign policy designed to ensure national energy security. The case study of Nigeria-Morocco gas pipeline illustrated these dynamics in a concrete and recent project. The investigation showed that the internal reforms and the development programs introduced by the new leader of the state, King Mohammed VI, sought to increase the internal material capacities, namely, the capacity to mobilize resources and energy production. In its turn, changes in the foreign policy, especially cooperation regardless of the recognition of Moroccan territorial integrity, favoured energy integration and regional affirmation of the state. Finally, the national and organizational strategic culture guided the energy foreign policy to pursue a broader national interest, defined above. This work emphasizes that Morocco is positioning itself as a strategic partner of the European Union in the field of renewable energies and as a potential regional leader in the Maghreb and West Africa, due to its technological advances and collaborative projects in the renewable sector, and the local economic development potentially provided by the construction and exploitation of Nigeria-Morocco gas pipeline.
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Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros Marrocos Segurança energética Política externa Cultura estratégica Gasoduto Nigéria-Marrocos Ministry of Foreign Affairs Morocco Energy security Foreign policy Strategic culture Nigeria-Morocco gas pipeline