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A esperança na obra de Josef Pieper
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Na filosofia de Josef Pieper, a esperança ocupa um lugar central. A singularidade da sua posição decorre de que era uma virtude muito contestada no seu tempo, tanto pelo facto de terem acontecido as duas guerras mundiais – com o holocausto e as bombas atómicas na segunda –, que vieram pôr em causa o sentido da história e da existência humana, já que este tem o poder de se aniquilar. Nesta dissertação procurámos captar em que sentido é que Josef Pieper desenvolve a sua filosofia sobre a esperança, articulando-a com outros temas trabalhados pelo mesmo autor. O estudo divide-se em três partes, às quais correspondem três perguntas: o que é a esperança? Qual é a atividade própria da esperança? Como é que a esperança se cumpre? No primeiro capítulo tentámos responder à pergunta inicial: o que é a esperança? Para tal, re-corremos à obra maior de Pieper sobre a esperança (On Hope), que a articula com uma definição antropológica do homem, como um ser a caminho, o homo viator. É nesta lógica que se compreende a esperança, não como a virtude dos que já possuem o que esperam, nem dos que deixaram de esperar, como acontece com os seus contrários (presunção e desespero), mas como o motor que anima aqueles que se sabem a caminho daquilo que desejam. Ao segundo capítulo corresponde a segunda pergunta: qual é a atividade própria da esperança? A esta pergunta Pieper dá como resposta o ócio, cujo sentido importa captar. Assim, encontrámos o ócio como aquela atividade cheia de sentido em si mesma, que não precisa de outra exterior que a valide, e permite que o trabalhador se relacione com o que o transcende. Deste modo, pode viver a esperança, na medida em que esta tem como objeto algo que ultrapassa a capacidade humana de alcançar, e implica que o homem deve aprender a receber. Por fim, colocámos a questão: como é que a esperança se cumpre? E respondemos: na incessante afirmação da bondade da realidade, da vida e da própria pessoa. Ou seja, a esperança cumpre-se na festa e na alegria, que são as manifestações concretas da esperança na vida de alguém que a possui plenamente.
In Josef Pieper’s philosophy, hope occupies a central place. The singularity of it’s position concerns with the fact that it was a virtue contested in his time, due to the two World Wars – with the holocaust and the atomic bombs in the second -, which had put into question the sense of history and the existence of Man, as this one had the power to annihilate himself. In this thesis, we tried to understand the sense in which Josef Pieper develops his philosophy of hope, articulating it with other themes he also develops. The present study is divided into three parts, to which correspond three questions: what is hope? What is the activity specific of hope? How does hope fulfil itself? In the first chapter, we tried to answer the first question: what is hope? To that end, we have consulted the greatest work of Pieper on this virtue (On Hope), which articulates it with an anthropo-logical definition of man, as a being on the move or homo viator. Such logic allows us to understand hope, neither as a virtue of those who already possess what they long for, nor of those who no longer expect anything, on the opposite side (presumption and despair), but as the driving force of those who know to be on the way to what they long for. To the second chapter corresponds the second question: what is the activity specific of hope? The answer given to this question is leisure, which sense is important to apprehend. Thus, we have found leisure as the activity, senseful per se, which doesn’t need any other exterior validating activity, allowing the worker to interact with what transcends him. In this way, he can live hope, insofar as the latter is focused on something that goes beyond human capacity to achievement, implying that man will have to learn to receive. Finally, we have put out the question: how does hope fulfil itself? And the answer is: in the ceaseless affirmation of the goodness of reality, of life and of the person itself. In other words, we say that hope fulfils itself in feast and joy, two concrete manifestations of hope in the life of someone in whom hope is complete.
In Josef Pieper’s philosophy, hope occupies a central place. The singularity of it’s position concerns with the fact that it was a virtue contested in his time, due to the two World Wars – with the holocaust and the atomic bombs in the second -, which had put into question the sense of history and the existence of Man, as this one had the power to annihilate himself. In this thesis, we tried to understand the sense in which Josef Pieper develops his philosophy of hope, articulating it with other themes he also develops. The present study is divided into three parts, to which correspond three questions: what is hope? What is the activity specific of hope? How does hope fulfil itself? In the first chapter, we tried to answer the first question: what is hope? To that end, we have consulted the greatest work of Pieper on this virtue (On Hope), which articulates it with an anthropo-logical definition of man, as a being on the move or homo viator. Such logic allows us to understand hope, neither as a virtue of those who already possess what they long for, nor of those who no longer expect anything, on the opposite side (presumption and despair), but as the driving force of those who know to be on the way to what they long for. To the second chapter corresponds the second question: what is the activity specific of hope? The answer given to this question is leisure, which sense is important to apprehend. Thus, we have found leisure as the activity, senseful per se, which doesn’t need any other exterior validating activity, allowing the worker to interact with what transcends him. In this way, he can live hope, insofar as the latter is focused on something that goes beyond human capacity to achievement, implying that man will have to learn to receive. Finally, we have put out the question: how does hope fulfil itself? And the answer is: in the ceaseless affirmation of the goodness of reality, of life and of the person itself. In other words, we say that hope fulfils itself in feast and joy, two concrete manifestations of hope in the life of someone in whom hope is complete.
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Palavras-chave
Alegria Culto Esperança Festa Homo viator Ócio Feast Homo viator Hope Joy Leisure Worship