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Vidas Entretecidas: Um olhar arqueológico sobre o trabalho e a vida operária na indústria têxtil - O exemplo da Fábrica do Benformoso
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No âmbito da presente dissertação de mestrado, é realizado um estudo de caso que tem por objeto a Fábrica de Fiação e Tecidos de Algodão do Benformoso, fundada no século XIX e situada na atual Rua da Palma nº238 e no Beco da Barbadela, na freguesia de Socorro, em Lisboa. O propósito principal deste estudo consiste em analisar o processo de industrialização ocorrido na cidade de Lisboa, com enfoque na indústria têxtil que se desenvolveu no período compreendido entre os séculos XIX e XX. Adicionalmente, pretende-se compreender as novas dinâmicas sociais e económicas resultantes da introdução da Revolução Industrial em Portugal, destacando-se o espaço fabril e as vivências dos trabalhadores, com particular destaque para os papéis de género e a mulher operária, que desempenhou um papel fundamental nestes contextos laborais. Esta realidade era recorrente em muitas outras fábricas têxteis, uma vez que a produção de têxteis era reconhecida pela sua minuciosidade e delicadeza, características alinhadas com as perceções da mulher daquela época. Indubitavelmente, a indústria têxtil foi um dos setores mais significativos em Portugal, do século XVIII ao XX, experimentando avanços substanciais e gerando um considerável capital, o que contribuiu para a criação de uma nova realidade e a disponibilização de numerosos postos de trabalho. Torna-se relevante assinalar que, apesar do impacto positivo das fábricas na transformação da sociedade, este processo foi gradual. No século XIX, deparou-se com uma carência significativa de mão-de-obra especializada, o que prejudicava a eficiência das produções. Este cenário motivou o surgimento das primeiras escolas industriais, com o propósito de instruir os indivíduos nos ofícios industriais e combater a taxa de analfabetismo (PEREIRA 2001, 32). O advento de novas tecnologias no final do século XIX provocou mudanças substanciais nos ambientes fabris, sendo a eletricidade uma das mais preponderantes, substituindo a dependência da luz solar nas operações fabris (MORAIS SARMENTO 1905, 2). Apesar das fases de crise política, social e económica que caracterizaram o século XIX, a prosperidade económica acabou por prevalecer. A Fábrica de Fiação e Tecidos de Algodão do Benformoso foi adquirida durante uma dessas fases de crise, no ano de 1881, pelo industrial Henrique Pereira Taveira, que adquiriu o imóvel da Fábrica de Curtumes de José da Cruz Furtado (AAVV 1928, 33). O edifício foi continuamente adaptado desde o seu início, sofrendo várias modificações com a aquisição de novos espaços e intervenções de remodelação e reedificação ao longo das suas três fases enquanto fábrica têxtil (século XIX-XX), e posteriormente como espaço para fins não relacionados com a indústria. Estas adaptações refletem as diferentes fases de ocupação, acompanhando as necessidades e os avanços tecnológicos da época e a área em que se encontra inserido, constituindo-se como testemunhos das diferentes eras.
This master's thesis is a case study of the Fábrica de Fiação e Tecidos de Algodão do Benformoso, founded in the 19th century and located at Rua da Palma nº238 and Beco da Barbadela, in the parish of Socorro, Lisbon. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the industrialisation process that took place in the city of Lisbon, with a focus on the textile industry that developed between the 19th and 20th centuries. In addition, it aims to understand the new social and economic dynamics resulting from the introduction of the Industrial Revolution in Portugal, highlighting the factory space and workers' experiences, with particular emphasis on gender roles and women workers, who played a fundamental role in these labour contexts. This reality was recurrent in many other textile factories, since the production of textiles was recognised for its meticulousness and delicacy, characteristics in line with the perceptions of women at the time. Undoubtedly, the textile industry was one of the most significant sectors in Portugal from the 18th to the 20th century, experiencing substantial advances and generating considerable capital, which contributed to the creation of a new reality and the provision of numerous jobs. It's important to note that despite the positive impact of factories on the transformation of society, this process was gradual. In the 19th century, there was a significant shortage of skilled labour, which hampered production efficiency. This scenario led to the emergence of the first industrial schools, with the aim of instructing individuals in industrial trades and combating the illiteracy rate (PEREIRA 2001, 32). The advent of new technologies at the end of the 19th century brought about substantial changes in factory environments, with electricity being one of the most important, replacing the dependence on sunlight in factory operations (MORAIS SARMENTO 1905, 2). Despite the phases of political, social and economic crisis that characterised the 19th century, economic prosperity eventually prevailed. The Fábrica de Fiação e Tecidos de Algodão do Benformoso was acquired during one of these phases of crisis, in 1881, by industrialist Henrique Pereira Taveira, who bought the building from José da Cruz Furtado's Fábrica de Curtumes (AAVV 1928, 33). The building has been continuously adapted since its inception, undergoing various modifications with the acquisition of new spaces and remodelling and rebuilding interventions throughout its three phases as a textile factory (19th-20th century), and later as a space for non-industrial purposes. These adaptations reflect the different phases of occupation, keeping pace with the needs and technological advances of the time and the area in which it is located, and bear witness to the different eras.
This master's thesis is a case study of the Fábrica de Fiação e Tecidos de Algodão do Benformoso, founded in the 19th century and located at Rua da Palma nº238 and Beco da Barbadela, in the parish of Socorro, Lisbon. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the industrialisation process that took place in the city of Lisbon, with a focus on the textile industry that developed between the 19th and 20th centuries. In addition, it aims to understand the new social and economic dynamics resulting from the introduction of the Industrial Revolution in Portugal, highlighting the factory space and workers' experiences, with particular emphasis on gender roles and women workers, who played a fundamental role in these labour contexts. This reality was recurrent in many other textile factories, since the production of textiles was recognised for its meticulousness and delicacy, characteristics in line with the perceptions of women at the time. Undoubtedly, the textile industry was one of the most significant sectors in Portugal from the 18th to the 20th century, experiencing substantial advances and generating considerable capital, which contributed to the creation of a new reality and the provision of numerous jobs. It's important to note that despite the positive impact of factories on the transformation of society, this process was gradual. In the 19th century, there was a significant shortage of skilled labour, which hampered production efficiency. This scenario led to the emergence of the first industrial schools, with the aim of instructing individuals in industrial trades and combating the illiteracy rate (PEREIRA 2001, 32). The advent of new technologies at the end of the 19th century brought about substantial changes in factory environments, with electricity being one of the most important, replacing the dependence on sunlight in factory operations (MORAIS SARMENTO 1905, 2). Despite the phases of political, social and economic crisis that characterised the 19th century, economic prosperity eventually prevailed. The Fábrica de Fiação e Tecidos de Algodão do Benformoso was acquired during one of these phases of crisis, in 1881, by industrialist Henrique Pereira Taveira, who bought the building from José da Cruz Furtado's Fábrica de Curtumes (AAVV 1928, 33). The building has been continuously adapted since its inception, undergoing various modifications with the acquisition of new spaces and remodelling and rebuilding interventions throughout its three phases as a textile factory (19th-20th century), and later as a space for non-industrial purposes. These adaptations reflect the different phases of occupation, keeping pace with the needs and technological advances of the time and the area in which it is located, and bear witness to the different eras.
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Indústria algodoeira Arqueologia industrial Lisboa Fábrica do Benformoso Companhia Fabril Lisbonense Companhia Portugueza de Algodões Henrique Pereira Taveira Rua da Palma Beco da Barbadela Indústria têxtil Textile industry Industrial archaeology Benformoso Factory