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Trabalhadores rurais e sindicalismo: História do primeiro movimento em Évora durante a Revolução Republicana (1910-1914)
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Na sequência da Revolução Republicana emergem no Alentejo, perante a surpresa de todos os espectros políticos e sociais (desde republicanos a anarquistas), uma série de conflitos sociais de trabalhadores rurais cuja ação e consequência vão muito para além do habitual banditismo associado à carestia de vida, razoavelmente controlado pelas autoridades e pelos mecanismos de caridade. A materialização destes conflitos em dinâmicas próprias de movimentos sociais rurais, através da prática de greves organizadas e reivindicações coletivas politizadas, apresentam uma novidade na realidade laboral dos campos do Alentejo e, nesse sentido, merecem ser alvo de um estudo aprofundado. Nos primeiros anos da República os trabalhadores rurais já formam a maior força sindical a nível nacional. João Freire contabiliza 168 sindicatos de trabalhadores rurais para 1915, 40% do total de sindicatos no país naquele ano, com um número médio de 300 sócios por sindicato. O Alentejo é a região onde, no geral, mais sindicatos são constituídos: 193, representando 25% a nível nacional. A conflitualidade social ocorrida no Alentejo durante a Primeira República está indelevelmente marcada pela ação deste sindicalismo rural. Transparecido nas formas de organização coletiva - Associações de Classe – e nas formas de protesto – Greves – inerentes ao sindicalismo, formar-se-ão assim os movimentos sociais que se vão insurgir na luta por melhores condições laborais nos campos durante as principais greves que impactam o Alentejo entre 1910 e 1912. Interessa-nos então perceber que sindicalismo rural sem precedentes é este que troca a ação individual ou pouco concertada de protesto social através de crimes de subsistência, para se render à ação coletiva de classe com um discurso politizado. Nesta dissertação, entre a crítica à literatura e o cruzamento da reinterpretação de fontes já conhecidas, e o recurso a um conjunto de documentação inédita do Arquivo Distrital de Évora, pretendemos dissecar as condições que favorecem a primeira eclosão sindical da história do trabalho rural em Portugal, nesse preciso momento da Revolução Republicana, compreender os diferentes tipos de influência ideológica que podem ter moldado, em diferentes fases, o discurso e as motivações dos trabalhadores rurais, assim como clarificar o conhecimento da problemática do sindicalismo no panorama geral da luta de classes do trabalhador rural alentejano.
Following the Republican Revolution, a series of social conflicts among rural workers emerged in Alentejo, facing the surprise of all political and social spectrums (from republicans to anarchists), whose action and consequences go far beyond the usual banditry associated with the famine, reasonably controlled by authorities and charitable mechanisms. The materialization of these conflicts in the dynamics of rural social movements, through the practice of organized strikes and collective demands, presents a novelty in the labor reality of the fields of Alentejo and, in this sense, deserves to be the subject of an in-depth. In the early years of the Republic, rural workers already form the largest union force at the national level. João Freire counts 168 rural workers unions for 1915, 40% of the total number of unions in the country that year, with an average number of 300 members per union. Alentejo is the region where, in general, more unions are constituted: 193, representing 25% at national level. The social conflict that took place in Alentejo during the First Republic is obviously marked by the action of this rural unionism. In the forms of collective organization - Class Associations - and in the forms of protest - Strikes - inherent to unionism, social movements will thus be formed that will rise in the struggle for better working conditions in the fields, during the main strikes that impacted the Alentejo between 1911 and 1912. We are therefore interested in understanding what unprecedented rural unionism is this one that exchanges individual or little concerted action of social protest through subsistence crimes, to surrender to collective class action with a much politicized discourse. In this dissertation, between the criticism of literature and the crossing of reinterpretation of already known sources with the use of a set of unknown documentation from the Évora District Archive, we intend to explain the conditions that favor the first union outbreak in portuguese rural work history, at this precise moment from the beginning of the Republican Revolution, to characterize the different types of ideological influence that may have shaped, at different stages, the discourse and motivations of rural workers, as well as clarifying the knowledge of the problematic of unionism in the general picture of Alentejo rural worker class struggle.
Following the Republican Revolution, a series of social conflicts among rural workers emerged in Alentejo, facing the surprise of all political and social spectrums (from republicans to anarchists), whose action and consequences go far beyond the usual banditry associated with the famine, reasonably controlled by authorities and charitable mechanisms. The materialization of these conflicts in the dynamics of rural social movements, through the practice of organized strikes and collective demands, presents a novelty in the labor reality of the fields of Alentejo and, in this sense, deserves to be the subject of an in-depth. In the early years of the Republic, rural workers already form the largest union force at the national level. João Freire counts 168 rural workers unions for 1915, 40% of the total number of unions in the country that year, with an average number of 300 members per union. Alentejo is the region where, in general, more unions are constituted: 193, representing 25% at national level. The social conflict that took place in Alentejo during the First Republic is obviously marked by the action of this rural unionism. In the forms of collective organization - Class Associations - and in the forms of protest - Strikes - inherent to unionism, social movements will thus be formed that will rise in the struggle for better working conditions in the fields, during the main strikes that impacted the Alentejo between 1911 and 1912. We are therefore interested in understanding what unprecedented rural unionism is this one that exchanges individual or little concerted action of social protest through subsistence crimes, to surrender to collective class action with a much politicized discourse. In this dissertation, between the criticism of literature and the crossing of reinterpretation of already known sources with the use of a set of unknown documentation from the Évora District Archive, we intend to explain the conditions that favor the first union outbreak in portuguese rural work history, at this precise moment from the beginning of the Republican Revolution, to characterize the different types of ideological influence that may have shaped, at different stages, the discourse and motivations of rural workers, as well as clarifying the knowledge of the problematic of unionism in the general picture of Alentejo rural worker class struggle.
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Palavras-chave
Trabalhadores rurais República Évora Sindicalismo Luta de classes Rural workers Republic Evora Unionism Class struggle