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Ártico, Rússia e China: Convergência e Divergência (2014-2021)
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Fruto do célere degelo do gelo marinho ártico, fenómeno desencadeado pelas alterações climáticas, novas oportunidades económicas no campo da extração e prospeção dos recursos naturais e do transporte marítimo estão a despontar no Círculo Polar Ártico. Oportunidades que estão, por sua vez, a despertar o interesse e a curiosidade de variados Estados (Árticos e Não-Árticos), mas em especial da Rússia e da China. No contexto circumpolar ártico, ambos os Estados têm procurado promover as suas aspirações árticas, bem como têm procurado participar ativamente na região. Não obstante, ambos os países enfrentam sérios desafios para satisfazerem as suas próprias ambições árticas. Como forma de suplantarem tais desafios, a Rússia e a China decidiram estender a sua antiga parceria estratégica e cooperativa abrangente ao território circumpolar ártico. Todavia, diferenças muito consideráveis nos seus objetivos nacionais e nas suas visões estratégicas árticas, poderão limitar consideravelmente não só o bom funcionamento, como também a continuidade da cooperação sino-russa no Ártico. Por conseguinte, a presente dissertação procurará responder à seguinte pergunta de investigação “que fator e/ou fatores poderão ser elencados como agentes impulsores de fricção e/ou tensão entre Moscovo e Pequim no ambiente circumpolar ártico?”. Posto isto, o presente estudo procurará, através do emprego de um tipo de pesquisa exploratória-descritiva qualitativa e de uma abordagem metodológica histórica, examinar a cooperação sino-russa na região circumpolar ártica no período a priori 2014 até 2021, por forma a discernir os agentes impulsores de atrito entre as duas potências no Círculo Polar Ártico.
As a result of the rapid melting of Arctic sea ice, a phenomenon triggered by climate change, new economic opportunities in the field of extracting and prospecting for natural resources and maritime transport are emerging in the Arctic Circle. Opportunities that are, in turn, arousing the interest and curiosity of various States (Arctic and Non-Arctic), but in particular Russia and China. In the Arctic circumpolar context, both States have sought to promote their arctic aspirations as well as actively sought to participate in the region. Nevertheless, both countries face serious challenges in meeting their own arctic ambitions. As a way of overcoming such challenges, Russia and China decided to extend their long-standing comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership to the Arctic circumpolar territory. However, very considerable differences in their national objectives and their arctic strategic visions could considerably limit not only the well-functioning, but also the continuity of Sino-Russian cooperation in the Arctic. Therefore, this dissertation will seek to answer the following research question “what factor and/or factors can be listed as driving agents of friction and/or tension between Moscow and Beijing in the Arctic circumpolar environment?”. That said, this study will seek, through the use of a qualitative exploratory-descriptive research type and a historical methodological approach, to examine Sino-Russian cooperation in the Arctic circumpolar region in the a priori period 2014 to 2021, in order to discern the agents driving friction between the two powers in the Arctic Circle.
As a result of the rapid melting of Arctic sea ice, a phenomenon triggered by climate change, new economic opportunities in the field of extracting and prospecting for natural resources and maritime transport are emerging in the Arctic Circle. Opportunities that are, in turn, arousing the interest and curiosity of various States (Arctic and Non-Arctic), but in particular Russia and China. In the Arctic circumpolar context, both States have sought to promote their arctic aspirations as well as actively sought to participate in the region. Nevertheless, both countries face serious challenges in meeting their own arctic ambitions. As a way of overcoming such challenges, Russia and China decided to extend their long-standing comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership to the Arctic circumpolar territory. However, very considerable differences in their national objectives and their arctic strategic visions could considerably limit not only the well-functioning, but also the continuity of Sino-Russian cooperation in the Arctic. Therefore, this dissertation will seek to answer the following research question “what factor and/or factors can be listed as driving agents of friction and/or tension between Moscow and Beijing in the Arctic circumpolar environment?”. That said, this study will seek, through the use of a qualitative exploratory-descriptive research type and a historical methodological approach, to examine Sino-Russian cooperation in the Arctic circumpolar region in the a priori period 2014 to 2021, in order to discern the agents driving friction between the two powers in the Arctic Circle.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Ártico China Cooperação sino-russa Estratégias nacionais árticas Agentes de fricção Governação Recursos naturais Rotas polares árticas Rússia Arctic Arctic national strategies Arctic polar routes Friction agents Governance Natural resources Russia Sino-russian cooperation