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As relações entre Portugal e a Austrália na era da descolonização (1945-1974)
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O fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial trouxe várias modificações irreversíveis ao sistema internacional. Uma dessas modificações - a descolonização - trouxe consigo o desmantelamento de um sistema há muito estabelecido. Ao contrário da maioria dos países colonialistas, que foram adotando políticas progressivas, com maior ou menor relutância, no sentido de conceder a autodeterminação dos seus territórios não-autónomos, o caminho para a independência dos povos das colónias portuguesas sofreu uma trajetória muito diferente da maioria, devido à intransigência do Estado Novo.
A presente investigação tem como objetivo principal compreender a forma como Portugal e a Austrália se relacionaram durante a era da crise do colonialismo (1945-1974), sendo por isso a questão de partida: qual a posição australiana em relação à política colonial portuguesa? E como hipótese a validar, averiguar se Portugal beneficiou de uma posição benevolente australiana para com a sua questão colonial.
Para responder a essa questão e validar a hipótese levantada, contextualiza-se a temática através da análise das políticas externas portuguesa e australiana na baliza cronológica 1945-1974, procurando salientar as suas diferenças e aproximações. Outros dois assuntos analisados, embora não tenham a ver com a questão colonial - restabelecimento da soberania portuguesa em Timor em 1945; e interesses estratégicos australianos em Timor nas décadas de 1940-1950 - são ilustrativos de como após a Segunda Guerra Mundial e até ao início da década de 1960, a mesma não era um assunto tratado no relacionamento luso-australiano. Isto porque até 1960 a Austrália adotou uma postura muito conservadora sobre a autodeterminação, e só naquele ano é que foram votadas na ONU resoluções condenatórias do colonialismo luso. Na sequência dessas votações, e de outros aspectos, como a entrada nas Nações Unidas de cada vez mais países saídos do jugo colonial, a
dinâmica das relações luso-australianas modificou-se, passando a questão colonial a ser o principal
assunto, leia-se que, em termos práticos para a Austrália a questão colonial portuguesa resumia-se a
Timor, atendendo à proximidade geográfica.
Com o intuito de compreender a posição australiana face à questão colonial portuguesa, analisa-se a correspondência trocada entre o ditador português e o Primeiro-Ministro australiano, e a postura de Camberra na ONU face ao colonialismo luso. São igualmente exploradas as questões secundárias das ambições indonésias sobre Timor, e o respectivo posicionamento australiano; bem como as negociações luso-australianas sobre o fundo do Mar de Timor, assunto condicionante da posição da Austrália relativamente ao colonialismo português.
The end of the Second World War brought many irreversible changes to the international system, in which one of those changes - decolonization - was responsible for the end of a longestablished system. Being so, with greater or lesser reluctance, most colonialist countries started adopting progressive measures to provide and prepare their colonies for self-determination and independence. However, the way towards independence of the colonies under Portuguese rule suffered a very different route than most due to the Estado Novo intransigence. This dissertation aims to understand how Portugal and Australia related during the crisis of colonialism (1945-1974), to phrase it with only one question: What was Australia’s position regarding the Portuguese colonial issue? And as a hypothesis to validate, understand whether Portugal has benefited from Australia’s benevolent position towards Portuguese colonialism. In order to answer this question and validate the hypothesis raised, it was felt the need to contextualize this theme through the analysis of Portuguese and Australian foreign policies between the chronological framework 1945-1974, seeking to highlight their differences and similarities. Then, although the next two issues under analysis do not have to do with the colonial question - the re-establishment of Portuguese sovereignty in Timor in 1945; and Australian strategic interests in Timor in the 1940s and 1950s - they are both illustrative of how after the Second World War and until the beginning of the 1960s, it was not an issue addressed between Portugal and Australia. This absence can be explained because until 1960 Australia adopted a very conservative stance on selfdetermination and also because only on that year resolutions condemning Portuguese colonialism were voted and adopted. As a result of these votes, and other aspects, such as the entry of more countries that have emerged from the colonial yoke into the United Nations, the dynamics of lusoaustralian relations changed, and the colonial issue became the main topic. Though, in practical terms, for Australia, the Portuguese colonial issue, meant Timor, given its geographical proximity. Given that, the correspondence exchanged between the Portuguese dictator and the Australian Prime Minister is analyzed, as well as Canberra's position at the United Nations towards Portuguese colonialism. In addition, secondary issues such as Indonesian ambitions on Timor and the Australian position are also explored; as well as the issue of Portuguese-Australian negotiations on the Timor seabed, a subject that has conditioned Australia’s position towards Portuguese colonialism.
The end of the Second World War brought many irreversible changes to the international system, in which one of those changes - decolonization - was responsible for the end of a longestablished system. Being so, with greater or lesser reluctance, most colonialist countries started adopting progressive measures to provide and prepare their colonies for self-determination and independence. However, the way towards independence of the colonies under Portuguese rule suffered a very different route than most due to the Estado Novo intransigence. This dissertation aims to understand how Portugal and Australia related during the crisis of colonialism (1945-1974), to phrase it with only one question: What was Australia’s position regarding the Portuguese colonial issue? And as a hypothesis to validate, understand whether Portugal has benefited from Australia’s benevolent position towards Portuguese colonialism. In order to answer this question and validate the hypothesis raised, it was felt the need to contextualize this theme through the analysis of Portuguese and Australian foreign policies between the chronological framework 1945-1974, seeking to highlight their differences and similarities. Then, although the next two issues under analysis do not have to do with the colonial question - the re-establishment of Portuguese sovereignty in Timor in 1945; and Australian strategic interests in Timor in the 1940s and 1950s - they are both illustrative of how after the Second World War and until the beginning of the 1960s, it was not an issue addressed between Portugal and Australia. This absence can be explained because until 1960 Australia adopted a very conservative stance on selfdetermination and also because only on that year resolutions condemning Portuguese colonialism were voted and adopted. As a result of these votes, and other aspects, such as the entry of more countries that have emerged from the colonial yoke into the United Nations, the dynamics of lusoaustralian relations changed, and the colonial issue became the main topic. Though, in practical terms, for Australia, the Portuguese colonial issue, meant Timor, given its geographical proximity. Given that, the correspondence exchanged between the Portuguese dictator and the Australian Prime Minister is analyzed, as well as Canberra's position at the United Nations towards Portuguese colonialism. In addition, secondary issues such as Indonesian ambitions on Timor and the Australian position are also explored; as well as the issue of Portuguese-Australian negotiations on the Timor seabed, a subject that has conditioned Australia’s position towards Portuguese colonialism.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Relações internacionais Portugal Austrália Timor Indonésia Autodeterminação Australia Indonesia Self-determination