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O Papel dos Mista’arvim no Conflito Israelo-Árabe
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No âmbito das questões de segurança e de defesa, este trabalho começou por procurar as causas históricas que possam explicar por que razão o Estado de Israel tem mantido, desde a sua formação, relações conflituosas com os povos vizinhos. A partir deste contexto, procurou-se relacionar a premente necessidade de Israel defender a sua presença na Palestina com o desenvolvimento de estratégias de defesa que passam pela constituição de um dos exércitos mais bem treinados e equipados do Mundo, apoiado por um sistema de Inteligência que lhe permite prever, prevenir e atacar em força e cirurgicamente um grande número de ameaças. Nesta política de defesa musculada, as unidades Mista’arvim revelam-se tática e estrategicamente fundamentais. Operam disfarçadas e são especificamente treinadas para se infiltrarem entre a população árabe, tendo como missão a recolha de informação de Inteligência, o resgate de reféns e missões de contraterrorismo, usando o disfarce e a surpresa como principais armas. O objetivo da investigação foi ajudar a compreender se a atividade das unidades secretas Mista’arvim, nomeadamente a que enquadra estratégias de contraterrorismo ofensivo, justifica as cada vez mais severas críticas internacionais, à luz das regras da ética e da moral consagradas na Teoria da Guerra Justa e no Direito Internacional Humanitário. Conclui-se que a existência e os princípios básicos das unidades Mista’arvim apelam ao direito à auto-defesa e estão submetidos à proibição de crimes de guerra, não violando assim, claramente, o Direito Internacional Humanitário. No entanto, à luz da Teoria da Guerra Justa, se a causa israelita pode ser justificada, já o modus operandi extravasa muitas vezes o que, de acordo com as convenções da ONU, é moral e ético, tornando-se, por isso, potencialmente ilegítimo. Nomeadamente, em matéria de contraterrorismo, os desequilíbrios ao nível da capacidade bélica, da capacidade económica e da capacidade militar e tecnológica impedem quase sempre que as convenções da guerra sejam respeitadas e suscitam o debate e as polémicas internacionais: O que é pelos israelitas considerado terrorismo não poderá ser, de outra perspetiva, considerado direito à auto-determinação? A questão é das mais complexas e cria a necessidade de se encontrar para o conflito uma solução concordante com o DIH e com a Teoria da Guerra Justa, que passe, finalmente, pela constituição de dois Estados soberanos.
In the context of security and defence issues, this work began by looking at the historical causes that might explain why the State of Israel has maintained conflictual relations with neighbouring peoples since its formation. From this context, we have tried to relate Israel's pressing need to defend its presence in Palestine with the development of defence strategies that involve building up one of the best trained and equipped armies in the world, supported by an intelligence system that allows it to predict, prevent and surgically attack a large number of threats. In this muscular defence policy, the Mista'arvim units are tactically and strategically fundamental. They operate undercover and are specifically trained to infiltrate in the Arab population, with the mission of gathering intelligence information, hostage rescue and counter-terrorism missions, using disguise and surprise as their main weapons. The aim of the research was to help understand whether the activities of the Mista’arvim secret units, particularly those that involve offensive counter-terrorism strategies, justify the increasingly severe international criticism, in the light of the rules of ethics and morality enshrined in Just War Theory and International Humanitarian Law. It is concluded that the existence and basic principles of the Mista’arvim units appeal to the right to self-defence and are subject to the prohibition of war crimes, thus clearly not violating international humanitarian law. However, in the light of the Just War Theory, while the Israeli cause can be justified, the modus operandi often goes beyond what is moral and ethical according to UN conventions, making it potentially illegitimate. Particularly in terms of counter-terrorism, the imbalances in terms of military capacity, economic capacity and military and technological capacity almost always prevent the conventions of war from being respected and give rise to international debate and controversy: What is considered terrorism by the Israelis could not, from another perspective, be considered the right to self-determination? The issue is one of the most complex and creates the need to find a solution to the conflict that is more in line with International Humanitarian Law and Just War Theory, which ultimately involves the constitution of two sovereign states.
In the context of security and defence issues, this work began by looking at the historical causes that might explain why the State of Israel has maintained conflictual relations with neighbouring peoples since its formation. From this context, we have tried to relate Israel's pressing need to defend its presence in Palestine with the development of defence strategies that involve building up one of the best trained and equipped armies in the world, supported by an intelligence system that allows it to predict, prevent and surgically attack a large number of threats. In this muscular defence policy, the Mista'arvim units are tactically and strategically fundamental. They operate undercover and are specifically trained to infiltrate in the Arab population, with the mission of gathering intelligence information, hostage rescue and counter-terrorism missions, using disguise and surprise as their main weapons. The aim of the research was to help understand whether the activities of the Mista’arvim secret units, particularly those that involve offensive counter-terrorism strategies, justify the increasingly severe international criticism, in the light of the rules of ethics and morality enshrined in Just War Theory and International Humanitarian Law. It is concluded that the existence and basic principles of the Mista’arvim units appeal to the right to self-defence and are subject to the prohibition of war crimes, thus clearly not violating international humanitarian law. However, in the light of the Just War Theory, while the Israeli cause can be justified, the modus operandi often goes beyond what is moral and ethical according to UN conventions, making it potentially illegitimate. Particularly in terms of counter-terrorism, the imbalances in terms of military capacity, economic capacity and military and technological capacity almost always prevent the conventions of war from being respected and give rise to international debate and controversy: What is considered terrorism by the Israelis could not, from another perspective, be considered the right to self-determination? The issue is one of the most complex and creates the need to find a solution to the conflict that is more in line with International Humanitarian Law and Just War Theory, which ultimately involves the constitution of two sovereign states.
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Mista’arvim Terrorismo Contraterrorismo Guerra Justa Ética Moral Direito Internacional Humanitário Terrorism Counter-terrorism Just War Ethics Morality International Humanitarian Law