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Aplicação de extratos de plantas da Guiné Bissau em Caenorhabditis elegans, bactérias e células animais
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As plantas medicinais continuam ser um recurso médico para as populações rurais dos países de baixo e médio rendimento, principalmente nas diferentes regiões da Guiné-Bissau. Algumas das plantas mais utilizadas na medicina tradicional guineense são: Moringa oleifera, Crescentia cujete, Azadirachta indica e Brachylaena transvaalensis. Para realização deste estudo foram utilizados os extratos de sementes e de folhas da M. oleifera, extrato de folhas de C. cujete, ramo e folhas de A. indica e folhas de B. transvaalensis, que teve como objetivo avaliar atividades anti-helmínticas, antibacteriana, anticancerígena, assim como, a sua citotoxicidade em células animais normais.
Neste estudo foram obtidos 10 extratos utilizando metanol como solvente e para testar a sua atividade foram utilizados como modelo o nemátode de vida livre Caenorhabditis elegans, cinco estirpes bacterianas, nomeadamente Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bem como as células cancerígenas (HeLa, Sarcoma 180 e CMT93) e células normais (3T3 e Vero).
Os resultados mostram que o extrato nº1 (extrato de Semente da M. oleifera) é capaz de inibir e impedir a eclosão dos ovos nas concentrações de 1000 a 125 μg/ml, no periodo de 24 horas. Os restantes nove extratos não se observou inibição dos vermes e nem impediram a eclosão dos ovos numa concentração máxima (1000 μg/ml).
Por outro lado, os extratos nº1 (semente de M. oleifera), nº5 (folha de M. oleifera), nº9 (folha de C. cujete) e nº10 (folha de B. transvaalensis) foram extraídos com metanol, atuaram sobre a estirpe Bacillus cereus formando um halo de inibição de 36mm, 23mm, 27mm e 32mm respetivamente. Para estirpe Staphylococcus aureus o extrato de semente (nº1) apresentou o halo com 21mm de diâmetro em meio sólido na placa de Petri. As estirpes Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis e Pseudomonas aeruginosa foram resistentes a todos extratos utilizados no ensaio.
O extrato de semente e folha de M. oleifera apresentaram em teste em placas de 96 poços a Concentração Minima Inibitória (CMI) de 292 μg/ml e 4687μg/ml respetivamente, para estirpe B. cereus. Quanto aos extratos de semente (nº1) e folha (nº6) da M. oleifera apresentaram IC50 de 11,74 μg/ml e 18,38 μg/ml em Células 3T3, respetivamente. O extrato de folha de M. oleifera (nº2) apresentou IC50 10,50μg/ml para células Sarcoma180 e 13,73μg/ml para células HeLa, enquanto que para o Extrato de folha de M. oleifera (nº4) o IC50 foi 11,06 μg/ml em células HeLa e 22,12 μg/ml nas células Sarcoma180 e o extrato nº8 (folhas de A. indica) apresentou IC50 13,77 μg/ml nas células Vero. A concentração inicial dos extratos nas células foi de 500 μg/ml.
Conclui-se que o extrato de semente de M. oleifera apresentou efeito contra C. elegans, B. cereus, S. aureus e célula 3T3. Extratos de folhas de M. oleifera, C. cujete, B. transvaalensis e ramo de A. indica foram tóxicos para células HeLa, Sarcoma 180 e Vero. Estes extratos poderão ser candidatos nos estudos humanos e no futuro como novo fármaco anti-helmíntico, antibacteriano e anticancerígeno.
Medicinal plants have been and continue to be a medical resource for rural populations in low- and middle-income countries, especially in the different regions of Guinea-Bissau. Some of the most commonly used plants in traditional Guinean medicine are: Moringa oleifera, Crescentia cujete, Azadirachta indica and Brachylaena transvaalensis. This study used extracts from the seeds and leaves of M. oleifera, extracts from the leaves of C. cujete, branches and leaves of A. indica and leaves of B. transvaalensis, with the aim of evaluating their anthelmintic, antibacterial and anticancer activities, as well as their cytotoxicity in normal animal cells. In this study, 10 extracts were obtained using methanol as a solvent and to test their activity we used the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model, five bacterial strains, namely Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as cancer cells (HeLa, Sarcoma 180 and CMT93) and normal cells (3T3 and Vero). The results show that extract nº1 (M. oleifera seed) is able to inhibit and prevent the hatching of eggs at concentrations of 1000 to 125μg/ml over a period of 24 hours. The remaining nine extracts did not inhibit the worms or prevent the eggs from hatching at the maximum concentration (1000 μg/ml). On the other hand, extracts nº1 (M. oleifera seed), nº5 (M. oleifera leaf), nº9 (C. cujete leaf) and nº10 (B. transvaalensis leaf) were extracted with methanol and acted on the Bacillus cereus strain, forming an inhibition halo of 36mm, 23mm, 27mm and 32mm respectively. For the Staphylococcus aureus strain, the seed extract inhibits, with a halo of 21mm in diameter on the solid medium in the Petri dish. The strains Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to all the extracts used in the test. The seed and leaf extracts of M. oleifera showed a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 292μg/ml and 4687μg/ml respectively for the B. cereus strain. M. oleifera seed (nº 1) and leaf (nº 6) extracts showed IC50s of 11.74 μg/ml and 18.38 μg/ml in 3T3 cells, respectively. M. oleifera leaf extract (nº 2) showed an IC50 of 10.50μg/ml for Sarcoma180 cells and 13.73μg/ml for HeLa cells, while for M. oleifera leaf extract (no. 4) the IC50 was 11.06 μg/ml in HeLa cells and 22.12μg/ml in Sarcoma180 cells and extract nº 8 (A. indica leaves) showed an IC50 of 13.77μg/ml in Vero cells. The initial concentration of the extracts in the cells is 500 μg/ml. It can be concluded that the M. oleifera seed extract had an effect against C. elegans, B. cereus, S. aureus and 3T3 cells. Extracts from the leaves of M. oleifera, C. cujete, B. transvaalensis and the branch of A. indica were toxic to HeLa, Sarcoma 180 and Vero cells. These extracts could be candidates in human studies and in the future as new anthelmintic, antibacterial and anticancer drugs.
Medicinal plants have been and continue to be a medical resource for rural populations in low- and middle-income countries, especially in the different regions of Guinea-Bissau. Some of the most commonly used plants in traditional Guinean medicine are: Moringa oleifera, Crescentia cujete, Azadirachta indica and Brachylaena transvaalensis. This study used extracts from the seeds and leaves of M. oleifera, extracts from the leaves of C. cujete, branches and leaves of A. indica and leaves of B. transvaalensis, with the aim of evaluating their anthelmintic, antibacterial and anticancer activities, as well as their cytotoxicity in normal animal cells. In this study, 10 extracts were obtained using methanol as a solvent and to test their activity we used the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model, five bacterial strains, namely Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as cancer cells (HeLa, Sarcoma 180 and CMT93) and normal cells (3T3 and Vero). The results show that extract nº1 (M. oleifera seed) is able to inhibit and prevent the hatching of eggs at concentrations of 1000 to 125μg/ml over a period of 24 hours. The remaining nine extracts did not inhibit the worms or prevent the eggs from hatching at the maximum concentration (1000 μg/ml). On the other hand, extracts nº1 (M. oleifera seed), nº5 (M. oleifera leaf), nº9 (C. cujete leaf) and nº10 (B. transvaalensis leaf) were extracted with methanol and acted on the Bacillus cereus strain, forming an inhibition halo of 36mm, 23mm, 27mm and 32mm respectively. For the Staphylococcus aureus strain, the seed extract inhibits, with a halo of 21mm in diameter on the solid medium in the Petri dish. The strains Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to all the extracts used in the test. The seed and leaf extracts of M. oleifera showed a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 292μg/ml and 4687μg/ml respectively for the B. cereus strain. M. oleifera seed (nº 1) and leaf (nº 6) extracts showed IC50s of 11.74 μg/ml and 18.38 μg/ml in 3T3 cells, respectively. M. oleifera leaf extract (nº 2) showed an IC50 of 10.50μg/ml for Sarcoma180 cells and 13.73μg/ml for HeLa cells, while for M. oleifera leaf extract (no. 4) the IC50 was 11.06 μg/ml in HeLa cells and 22.12μg/ml in Sarcoma180 cells and extract nº 8 (A. indica leaves) showed an IC50 of 13.77μg/ml in Vero cells. The initial concentration of the extracts in the cells is 500 μg/ml. It can be concluded that the M. oleifera seed extract had an effect against C. elegans, B. cereus, S. aureus and 3T3 cells. Extracts from the leaves of M. oleifera, C. cujete, B. transvaalensis and the branch of A. indica were toxic to HeLa, Sarcoma 180 and Vero cells. These extracts could be candidates in human studies and in the future as new anthelmintic, antibacterial and anticancer drugs.
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Parasitologia médica Plantas medicinais Extratos C. elegans Bactérias Células animais Guiné Bissau